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 318 EICHELIEU RICHLAND tress to the convent of Chaillot, and the dis- missal of the king's ordinary confessor. Nor was the rebellion of the count de Soissons, prince of the blood, any more successful, its leader being killed in his first battle against the royal troops at Sedan (1641). The last of these conspiracies of the nobility was the secret treaty of alliance concluded with Spain by the dukes of Bouillon and Orleans. The young marquis de Cinq-Mars, although in- debted to Richelieu for the high favor and the high offices that he enjoyed at court, was one of the first among the conspirators. He was executed at Lyons, with his friend De Thou, Sept. 12, 1642. After this last vindi- cation of his power, Richelieu, an invalid, re- turned to Paris in triumph, carried on a litter by his guards, escorted by an army, and sur- rounded by the utmost pomp. Two months after, his unrivalled fortune being at its very zenith, he died. Richelieu was the founder of the French academy. He also founded the jardin du roi, now the jardin des plantet, and enlarged the Sorhonno. He wrote two plays, Mirame, a comedy, and La grande pas- torale, neither of any value. He is regarded as the author of Memoires du cardinal de Ri- chelieu, first published complete by Petitot in his collection of memoirs relating to French history (Paris, 1823) ; of the Testament poli- tique du cardinal de Richelieu (2 vols., 1764) ; and of the Journal du cardinal de Riche- lieu, qit'il a fait durant le grand orage de la cour (2 vols., Amsterdam, 1649). The Lettres, instructions diplomatiques, &c., of Richelieu have been edited by Avenel (6 vols., Paris, 1853-'68). See also Martineau, Le cardinal de Richelieu (1865 et seq.). The cardinal's elder brother, ALPHONSK Louis DUPLESSIS, who had resigned the bishopric of Lucon to retire to a Carthusian convent, was reluctantly com- pelled to resume high offices in the church. Archbishop of Aix in 1626, archbishop of Lyons in 1629, grand almoner of France in 1632, he died in 1653, 71 years of age. Riche- lieu had two sisters, of whom Francoise, the elder, married linn'- de Vignerod, and had a son who died in 1646, leaving two sons, the elder of whom, Louis FuANgois ARMAXD DUPLESSIS, known as the marshal de Riche- lieu, born March 13, 1696, succeeded to the dukedom of his great-uncle, commanded in the seven years' war, was one of the most notori- ous roues and worthless characters in French history, and died Aug. 8, 1788. His grandson, ABMAND EMMANUEL DUPLESSIS, duke de Riche- lieu, born in Paris, Sept. 25, 1766, was active as an agent of the French royal family during the revolution, entered the Russian civil ser- vice, was governor of Odessa, which he em- bellished, under Alexander I., refused to serve Napoleon, and was prime minister under Louis XVIII. He succeeded in procuring from the great European powers, at the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), terms much less severe than they had required from the French gov- ernment in 1815. Though poor, he refused a national recompense from the chambers, and, when a pension of 50,000 francs was con- ferred on him, gave it to found a hospital at Bordeaux. He died March 16, 1822, and was succeeded in his titles by his sister's son, Ar- mand Francois Odet de Chapelle de Jumilhac. RICHER, Edonard, a French author, born in Noirmoutiers, department of Vendee, June 12, 1792, died in Nantes, Jan. 21, 1834. His fa- ther fell in battle with the Austrians in 1798. The national convention by a special decree adopted him, but from delicate health he did not follow his father's profession. He pub- lished in 1816 a poem entitled Victor et Amelie, and in 1821 a history of Brittany. He became a convert to the doctrines of Swedenborg, and wrote La religion du bon sens, La clej du mys- tere, &c. A collection of his Swedenborgian writings appeared at Nantes in 8 vols. (1832- '6), and his literary remains were edited in 1836, with a biography, by Emile Souvestre. RICHERi.Vl), Antbelme, baron, a French phys- iologist, born in Belley, Feb. 4, 1779, died in Paris, Jan. 25, 1840. He graduated at the Paris school of medicine in 1799, and at first devoted himself to the study of physiology. He was appointed surgeon to the hospital St. Louis, and in 1807 professor of surgical pa- thology in the faculty of medicine. When the allied troops occupied Paris on the fall of Napo- leon, Richerand was distinguished by the vigor and devotion with which he cared for the sick and wounded of all nationalities, for which ho received many honors from foreign govern- ments, and the French government made him a baron and surgeon-in-chief to the three first legions of the national guard of Paris. His principal works are : Nouveaux elements de physiologic (Paris, 1801), which passed through ten editions and was translated into many lan- guages ; Lecons sur les maladies des os (1805) ; Nosographie et therapeutique chirurgicales (1805); De Tenteignement actuel de la mede- cine et de la chirurgie (1816) ; Dea officiers de sante et des jurys medicaux (1884) ; and De la population dans ses rapports avec la nature des gouternements (1837). RICHLAND, the name of counties in six of the United States. I. A central county of South Carolina, bordered W. and S. W. by the Congaree river and E. by the Wateree, and drained by their branches ; area, 465 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 23,025, of whom 15,177 were colored. It has a somewhat hilly surface, with pine forests, and a fertile soil. Several rail- roads terminate at Columbia. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 121,495 bushels of In- dian corn, 12,805 of sweet potatoes, 2,565 tons of hay, 5,453 bales of cotton, 26,823 Ibs. of rice, and 1,082 of wool. There were 623 horses, 990 mules and asses, 1,367 milch cows, 2,623 other cattle, 1,068 sheep, and 5,579 swine ; 1 manufactory of railroad cars, 3 of iron castings, 5 of machinery, 1 of cotton-seed oil, 7 flour mills, and 4 saw mills. Capital.