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 EEMUS KENAN 269 steel, especially locks, nails, and cutlery, which have grown up within the past 60 years, the population in 1816 being but about 7,000. The immediate region yields neither iron nor coal, but its numerous streams furnish abundant water power. The number of different arti- cles manufactured is said to be not far from 2,000, which are known in Germany as Bem- sche icier Waaren. REMUS. See ROMTTLUS. It KM I SAT. I. Claire Elisabeth Jeanne Gravion de Vergennes, countess de, a French authoress, born in Paris, Jan. 5, 1780, died there, Dec. 16, 1821. She was a grandniece of Vergen- nes, prime minister under Louis XVI. In her youth she was celebrated for her beauty, un- der the name of Clary, and was a friend and neighbor of Mme. d'Houdetot at Sannois. She married Count de R6musat, afterward cham- berlain of Napoleon, in 1796, and became an intimate friend and lady-in-waiting of Jose- phine. Among her writings is an Essai sur ^education des femmes, which was published by her son (1824; new ed., 1842). II. Charles Francois Marie de, count, a French author and statesman, son of the preceding, born in Paris, March 14, 1797, died there, June 6, 1875. In 1830 he was elected to the chamber of depu- ties, where he became a follower of Guizot. He held office in 1836 under Mole, and in 1840 as minister of the interior under his life-long friend Thiers; and he was a member of the chamber till 1848, and of the subsequent as- semblies till the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851, when he was banished, returning in Septem- ber, 1852. In 1871 he became minister of foreign affairs. In 1873 he was defeated as a candidate for the national assembly by the workmen of Paris, and soon afterward he re- tired with Thiers (May 24). He was a promi- nent member of the academy, and Royer-Col- lard described him as '.' the first of amateurs in everything." His principal works are : Essais de philosophic (2 vols., 1842) ; Abelard (2 vols., 1845); Passe et present (2 vols., 1847); Saint- Anselme de Cantorbery (1853); Bacon, sa vie, son temps et sa philosophie (1857) ; L'Angle- terre au XVIIP siecle (2 vols., 1856); Histoire de la philosophie en Angleterre depuis Bacon jusqu'a Locke (2 vols., 1875) ; and Lord Her- bert de Cherbury, sa vie et ses ceuvres, ou Les origines de la philosophie du sens commun et de la theologie naturelle en Angleterre (1875). REMFSAT, Jean Pierre Abel, a French oriental- ist, born in Paris, Sept. 5, 1788, died of chol- era, June 4, 1832. While a laborious student of medicine he taught himself Chinese and several Tartar languages, of the latter making his own vocabulary. In 1811 he published two works, the results of his studies. In 1813, while he was in active practice as a surgeon, two more volumes appeared. In 1814, a chair of Chinese and Mantchoo hav- ing been founded in the college de France, he was made professor. Remusat'a scientific studies aided his linguistic labors; but his Tableau complet des connaissances des Chinois en histoire naturelle was never finished. His chief works are : Plan d'un dictionnaire chinois (1814); Eecherches sur les langues tartares, ou Memoires sur differents points de la grammaire et de la litterature des Mantchoux, des Mongols, des Ouigours et des Thibetains (1820) ; and Elements de la grammaire chinoise (1822). REMY, or Remi (Lat. REMIGIUS), Saint, called the apostle of the Franks, born at Cerny, near Laon, about 439, died in Rheims, Jan. 13, 533. He was elected bishop of Rheims, where he had studied, in his 22d year, and with the aid of King Clovis, whom he baptized, spread the knowledge of Christianity among the people. Apollinaris Sidonius, his contemporary, says he was the most eloquent man of the age. He established bishops in the cities of Tournay, Laon, Arras, Therouanne, and Cambrai. His feast is celebrated on Oct. 1. His shrine is in the beautiful abbatial church of St. Remy at Rheims. See Butler's "Lives of the Saints," and lives of St. Remy by Armand-Prior (Paris, 1846) and Aubert (1849). There are two oth- er saints of the same name : a bishop of Stras- burg, who died in 803, and an archbishop of Lyons, who died in 875. RENAISSANCE (Fr., new birth), the designa- tion of a peculiar style of architecture and ornamentation, founded on the antique, which took its origin in Italy about the commence- ment of the 15th century (see ARCHITECTURE, vol. i., p. 664) ; also of the period commencing with the 14th and ending with the first half of the 16th century, which witnessed the revi- val of classical literature and the fine arts in southern Europe. See Pater, " Studies in the History of Renaissance" (London, 1873), and John Addington Symonds, " Renaissance in Italy" (London, 1875). RENAN, Joseph Ernest, a French philologist, born at Tr6guier, department of C6tes-du-Nord, Feb. 27, 1823. He was destined for the church, studied Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac in Paris, and in 1847 obtained the Volney prize for a treatise on the Semitic languages, afterward published as the first part of an Histoire gene- rale et systeme compare des langues semitiques (8vo, 1855; 4th ed., enlarged, 1864). He was sent by the academy of inscriptions and belles- lettres in 1849 on a literary mission to Italy, and brought back materials for a historical essay on the philosopher Averroes, which was published under the title Averroes et Paverro'isme (1852). In 1851 he was attached to the department of manuscripts in the national library, and in 1856 was elected a member of the academy of in- scriptions and belles-lettres. In 1858 he pub- lished a translation of the hook of Job, with an essay on the age and character of the poem ; and in 1860 a translation of the book of Can- ticles. On the occupation of Syria by the French in 1860, he was sent with the army at the head of a scientific commission, and ex- plored the sites of Tyre and Sidon, the Leba- non, and other localities. In 1862 he was ap-