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 EEIMAKUS REINKENS 265 degree at the latter in 1782. In 1787 he was made professor of clinical medicine at Halle, and in 1810 was called to Berlin on the estab- lishment of the university in that city. His name is perpetuated in connection with the "island of Reil," an isolated cluster of cere- bral convolutions, situated at the bottom of the fissure of Sylvius, between the anterior and middle lobes of the cerebrum. Reil con- ducted for 20 years a periodical entitled Archiv fiir Physiologic, and left various works on the structure of the nerves, clinical medicine, &c. REIMARUS, Hermann Samuel, a German schol- ar, born in Hamburg, Dec. 22, 1694, died there, March 1, 1768. He was educated at Jena and at Wittenberg, made a journey through Belgium and a great part of England in 1720, became rector in Wismar in 1723, and in 1727 received the professorship of Hebrew in the gymnasium of Hamburg, afterward united with that of mathematics, which he held till his death. He married in 1728 the daughter of J. A. Fabri- cius, and was the author of the celebrated " Wolfenbuttel Fragments," published by Les- sing in l774-'8. These productions, which challenge the supernatural origin of Christian- ity, had been imparted by Reimarus only to his intimate friends ; and Leasing, who had ob- tained a copy, edited them as manuscripts be- longing to the Wolfenbuttel library. REIMS. See RHEIMS. REINDEER (rangifer tarandus, Gray), the name usually given to the old world species of Tangerine deer, of which the American wood- land and barren ground caribou are believed to be mere varieties. The description and fig- ure given under CARIBOU will answer for the European animal, which, like its American va- riety, differs greatly in size ; the large Siberian variety is ridden by the Tungusians, who also use it for draught, as the Laplanders do their smaller animal. The tame reindeer of the Lap- lander does not exceed in size, and often does not equal, the English red deer orstag. After the casting of the coat the hair is brownish yellow, but as the dog days approach it be- comes whiter, until it is at last almost entire- ly white. Round the eye the color is always black. The longest hair is under the neck. The mouth, tail, and parts near the latter, are white, and the feet at the insertion of the hoof are surrounded with a white ring. The hair of the body is so thick that the skin cannot be seen when it is put aside. When the hair is cast, it does not come away with the root, but breaks at the base. The horns are cylindrical, with a short branch behind, compressed at the top, and palmated with many segments, begin- ning to curve back in the middle, and are an ell and a quarter long. A single branch some- times, but seldom two, springs from each horn in front, very near the base, frequently equal- ling the length of the head, compressed at the top and branched. The domestic reindeer of Lapland feeds wholly on a species of lichen peculiar to the country, for which he roots under the snow with his nose, after the fash- ion of swine. He will eat no dried fodder, unless it be perhaps the river horsetail, equise~ turn flumatile. To the Laplander the reindeer is invaluable, being in fact his ox, his sheep, and his horse, in one animal. He is too valu- able to kill in general, although his meat is de- licious; the milk of the herds is the principal support of the owner and his family ; while, as an animal of draught, its speed, endurance, and particular adaptation to travelling on snow, render it the most valuable of creatures to men dwelling in the frozen latitudes. The ordinary weight drawn by this animal is 240 Ibs., but he can travel with 300. Its speed and endurance are very great ; it has been known to run at the rate of nearly 19 m. an hour, and it is not unusual for it to travel 150 m. in 19 hours. During prehistoric times, in the latter part of the palteolithic division of the stone age, the reindeer inhabited southern France, and formed one of the objects of chase of the cave men of central Europe. Its coexistence there with the musk ox and other arctic species shows that the climate was then much colder than at present, probably owing to the great- er extent of the glaciers descending from the Alps and Pyrenees. Ca?sar in his " Commen- taries" refers to the reindeer in central Eu- rope ; it probably lived in the north of Scot- land as late as the 12th century, and in Den- mark as late as the 16th. It KIM 10 M), Karl Leonhard, a German philoso- pher, born in Vienna, Oct. 26, 1758, died in Kiel, April 10, 1823. He was partially educa- ted by the Jesuits, and after the suppression of that order became teacher of philosophy and mathematics and master of the novitiates in a Benedictine convent at Vienna. In 1783 he escaped by flight, and in 1784 turned Prot- estant at Weimar and married Wieland's daugh- ter. In 1787 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Jena, which chiefly through his influence became a stronghold of the Kantian philosophy. In 1794 he was transferred to Kiel. Reinhold's chief merit is that of an interpreter and popular advocate of Kant's views. His works are numerous. REINRENS, Joseph Hubert, a German theolo- gian, born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, March 1, 1821. He studied theology at Bonn, was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic church, and became lecturer on church his- tory at Breslau. He was cathedral preacher in 1852-'3, and in 1857 was appointed pro- fessor of theology. In 1870 he cooperated with D6llinger in the Old Catholic movement, opposing the dogma of infallibility, and pub- lished Papst und Papstthum nach der Zeich- nung des heiligen Bernhard von Clairvaux. He was suspended by the bishop of Breslau, and the students of the university were for- bidden to attend his lectures. He also pub- lished Ueber papstliche Unfehlbarkeit (1870), which the bishop endeavored to suppress. On Aug. 11, 1873, he was consecrated bishop at