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 REFORMATORIES 251 REFORMATORIES, institutions for the refor- mation of juvenile offenders, and for the care and correctional education of neglected chil- dren. This duty, hut recently assumed by the government in most countries, was previously left to the philanthropic efforts of individuals. The oldest and the largest reformatory in the United States is the house of refuge on Ran- dall's island, New York city, which was open- ed in 1825. (See NEW YOKK, vol. xii., p. 397.) The Boston house of refuge was opened in 1827, that in Philadelphia in 1828, and that in New Orleans in 1847. But these, though sup- ported in whole or in part by grants from the public revenue, were not managed directly by the state. The importance of making juvenile reformatories a part of the public penal sys- tem was recognized by Massachusetts in 1848, when the state reform school at Westborough was established. Similar institutions were or- ganized by other states, so that in 1873 not less than 34 reformatories for juvenile offend- ers were maintained and managed by the states, or largely aided by them, as follows : NAME OF INSTITU- TION. Where situated. When opened. Average number of inmates daring the year. City and county indus- trial school San Francisco, Cal. .. . 1858 456 State reform school. . . Industrial school for girls West Meriden, Conn.. Middletown, Conn. .. . 1854 1870 816 75 State reform school. . . Pontiac, 111 1ST1 175 House of refuge Keformatory institu- tion (for women and girls) Plainfleld, Ind Indianapolis, Ind 1868 18T3 200 44 State ref. school, boys State ref. school, girls Eldorado, Iowa Salem, Iowa 1868 146 11 House of refuge Louisville, Ky 1865 161 House of refuge State reform school. . New Orleans, La Portland, Me 1847 1852 109 184 House of refuge Baltimore, Md 1855 286 House of reformation Boston house of ref Rosary ville, Md 1873 1827 60 801 State industrial school for girls Lancaster, Mass 1856 121 State reform school. . . State reform school. . . Westborough, Mass.. Lansing, Mich 1848 1856 289 211 House of refuge St. Louis, Mo 1854 92 State reform school. . . State reform school. . . State industrial school for girls Manchester, N. H Jamesburg, N. J Trenton, N. J... 1855 1867 1871 101 158 25 House of refuge Juvenile asylum Catholic protectory .... Western house of ref- uge Girls' industrial home. House of refuge Reform farm school. . . House of refuge (white department) Randall's Island. N. Y. New York, N. Y West Chester, N. Y... Rochester, N. Y Lewis Centre, Ohio. . . Cincinnati, Ohio Lancaster, Ohio Philadelphia, Pa. .. 1825 1851 1863 1849 1869 1861 1857 1828 555 617 1,629 882 131 207 430 445 House of refuge (col- ored department). . . Pennsylvania reform school Philadelphia, Pa Allegheny, Pa 1850 1854 126 264 Providence reform ' school , Providence, R I 1850 202 State reform school. . . Waterbury, Vt 1866 127 Industrial school for boys W ankesha, Wis 1860 271 Reform school Washington, D. C.... 1870 108 In all, about 100,000 boys and girls have been committed to these institutions. The time of sentence is generally during minority, though in a few states it is for a specified period. The boys and girls are required to learn trades, and to receive secular and religious instruction. The average number of inmates in 1873 was 8,924, of whom 7,743 were boys and 1,481 girls; the average cost of maintaining each inmate in 1872 was $152 ; the average earn- ings of each were $37 ; average stay in the in- stitution, 1 year and 11 months for the boys and 3 years and 4J months for the girls ; con- sidered reformed, 73 per cent, of those dis- charged. "Where necessary, those discharged are provided with homes or employment, or indentured ; and in some cases they are liber- ated on probation. Fifteen per cent, of those detained in 1873 had been vagrants, and 39 per cent, truants. The reformatory system of Great Britain has been under the control of the government for but a comparatively brief period. The work of reforming juvenile delinquents was begun as early as 1788 by the philanthropic society, which founded the first English reform school near London. Similar institutions were established in London and elsewhere; that in Warwickshire, opened in 1818, was the first in which farm and outdoor labor was made a part of the training of the inmates. In 1838 an act was passed for the establishment of a separate prison at Park- hurst, Isle of Wight, for offenders under the age of 16 years. The discipline here was in- tended to be specially educational and refor- matory. The greatest reformatory in England is that established at Redhill, Surrey, under the direction of Sidney Turner. It was mod- elled after the famous colony of Mettray in France, and is conducted on the principles of domestic management, absence of walls and wardens, and outdoor labor. Similar institu- tions were soon afterward opened at Hard- wicke in Gloucestershire, near Birmingham, at Bristol, and in Hampshire. In 1854 the secre- tary of state was empowered to license refor- matory schools in Great Britain approved by him, and to make an allowance for the main- tenance of the young offenders committed to them. Certain courts and magistrates were authorized to commit to such institutions ju- veniles under 16 years of age for not less than two nor more than five years. At the same time provision was made for the establishment of industrial schools in Scotland for destitute and vagrant children under 14 years of age. An industrial schools act was passed for Eng- land in 1857, and in 1861 industrial schools in both England and Scotland were placed undei the home office, with provision for an allow ance from the treasury for their maintenance, similar to that given to reformatory schools. Reformatories are intended for correction, and industrial schools for prevention. Only those boys and girls are sent to a reformatory who have been convicted of some offence punish-