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 BAUMER RAVAILLAO 217 sity of Giessen, and soon afterward ordinary professor at Heidelberg. Before assuming the duties of the latter appointment, he incurred the displeasure of the government by too free an expression of his political sentiments, and fled. He arrived in America in 1831, and in June, 1832, was ordained to the ministry, arid called to York, Pa., to take charge of a classi- cal school in connection with the theological seminary of the German Reformed church. In 1835 he was chosen president of Marshall college, Mercersburg, acting at the same time as professor of Biblical literature in the theo- logical seminary, which had been removed to that place. He continued in this double office up to the time of his death. He published " Psychology, or a View of the Human Soul " (1840), and left unfinished a work entitled "Christian Ethics." A volume of his ser- mons was edited by the Rev. Dr. Gerhart, entitled "The Inner Life of the Christian" (Philadelphia, 1856). RAUAIEK. I. Friedrleh Lndwig Georg von. a German historian, born at Worlitz, near Des- sau, May 14, 1781, died in Berlin, June 13, 1873. He completed his studies at Halle and Gottingen, and was employed in the civil ser- vice from 1801 to 1811, when he became pro- fessor at Breslau, and in 1819 at Berlin, where he remained till 1853. At various periods he visited England, the United States, and other countries. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort parliament, and was employed on a diplomatic mission to Paris ; and he was afterward a member of the Prussian upper house till 1875. His principal works are Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (6 vols., Leipsic, 1823-'5 ; 4th ed., 1871), and Geschichte Europe? s seit dem Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts (8 vols., 1832-'50). His other publications include Herbstreise nach Venedig (2 vols., 1816); Vorlesungen uber die alte Geschichte (2 vo!g., 1821 ; 3d ed., 1861) ; Brief e aus Paris und Frankreich, 1830 (2 vols., 1831) ; Brief e aus Paris zur Erlduterung der Geschichte des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts (2 vols., 1831); England im Jahr 1835 (2 vols., 1836; en- larged ed., 3 vols., 1842 ; English translation by Sarah Austin and H. E. Lloyd, 1836-'42) ; Beitrdge zur neuern Geschichte avs dem Bri- tischen Museum und Reichsarchive (5 vols., 1836-'9); Italien (2 vols., 1840); Die Vereinig- ten Staaten von Nordamerika (2 vols., 1845 ; English translation by W. W. Turner, " Amer- ica and the American People," New York, 1846) ; Brief e aus Frankfurt und Paris (2 vols., 1849); Antiquarische Briefe (1851); Ver- mischte Schriften (3 vols., 1852-'4); Lelens- erinnerungen und Briefwechsel (2 vols., 1861); Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Litera- tur (4 vols, 1864-'6) ; and Literarischer Nach- lass (2 vols., 1869). In 1830 he began the pub- lication of the yearly Historisches Taschenbuch, which he edited till his death, and which is now continued by Riehl. II. Karl Georg von, a German geographer, brother of the preceding, born at "Worlitz, April 9, 1783, died in Erlan- gen, June 2, 1865. He studied at Gottingen, Halle, and Freiberg. In 1810 he received an appointment in the mineralogical bureau at Berlin, and in 1811 at Breslau. In 1813-'14 he fought against the French as aide-de-camp of Gneisenau. From 1819 to 1823 he was em- ployed both in the mining bureau and the university of Halle, and subsequently at Nu- remberg till 1827, when he became professor of natural history and mineralogy at Erlangen. His chief works are : Lehrbuch der allgemei- nen Geographic (Berlin, 1832 ; 3d ed., Leip- sic, 1848) ; Beschreibung der Erdoberflache (6th ed., 1866) ; Palastina (1835 ; 4th ed., I860) ; Kreuzzuge (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1840 and 1864); Geschichte der Pddagogik (3d ed., 4 vols., 1857-'61) ; and his autobiography (1866). III. Rudolf TOD, a German philologist, son of the preceding, born in Breslau, April 14, 1815. He studied at Erlangen, Gottingen, and Mu- nich, and in 1840 began to teach at the first named university, where in 1852 he became professor of philology. Among his works are : Gesammelte sprachwissenschaftliche Schriften (Frankfort, 1863) ; Untersuchungen uber die Urverwandtschaft der semitischen und indo- europdischen Sprachen (1868 et seq.) ; and Ge- schichte der germanischen PhilosopJiie, vor- zugsweise in Deutschland (Munich, 1870). RAUSCHER, Joseph Othmar von, an Austrian cardinal, born in Vienna, Oct. 6, 1797, died in November, 1875. He became successively pro- fessor of canon law and church history at Salz- burg, rector of the oriental academy of Vienna, preceptor to the present emperor and the arch- dukes Maximilian and Charles Louis, prince- bishop of Seckau in 1849, prince-archbishop of Vienna in 1853, and cardinal Dec. 17, 1855. This last dignity was bestowed in acknowledg- ment of his services in bringing about the concordat of Aug. 18, 1855, between Austria and the holy see. He was foremost among the German episcopate in opposing the intro- duction of the question of papal infallibility, and in April, 1870, published a pamphlet argu- ing strongly the dangers of such a discussion. When the general debate on infallibility was closed by the presiding legates in the beginning of June, a meeting of prelates was called at his residence, at which a protest was drawn up against the act of the legates. His last speech in the council warned the fathers that fatal consequences would ensue from a declaration. He was one of the 88 bishops who voted non placet on July 13, and one of the 55 who signed a formal protest against the manner of proceeding. He afterward acquiesced in the decision of the majority, and promulgated the dogma for acceptance by his flock. After 1870 Cardinal Rauscher strenuously opposed the Old Catholic movement. BAVAILLAC, Francois, the assassin of Henry IV. of France, born in Angouleme about 1578, executed May 27, 1610. He was first a law- yer's clerk, and then a schoolmaster. Having