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 KASHI RASPBERKY 209 tended to the whole of the Servian kingdom. The name Rascians, variously modified, is still used in Hungary, Roumania, and other coun- tries, to designate various Serb populations living outside of Servia. KASHI. See SOLOMON BEN ISAAC. RISK, Rasmus Christian, a Danish philologist, born at Brendekilde, on the island of Ftinen, Nov. 22, 1787, died in Copenhagen, Nov. 14, 1832. He graduated at the university of Co- .penhagen, was appointed an assistant in the university library in 1808, and in 1811 pub- lished in Danish his " Introduction to the Study of the Icelandic or Old Norse Language." In 1812 he went to Sweden, and in 1813 to Ice- land, where he remained three years studying its history and literature. In 1817 he was in Stockholm, and in 1818 and 1819 in Finland and St. Petersburg, occupied with the study of Finnish, Russian, Armenian, Persian, and Arabic. From St. Petersburg he went to Per- sia, thence to India and Ceylon, and returned to Copenhagen in 1823. He was appointed professor of literary history in the university in 1825, of oriental languages in 1828, and first librarian in 1829. According to Bunsen, Rask anticipated some of the greatest discoveries of Grimm, Bopp, and Burnouf. He published Icelandic, Anglo-Saxon, Spanish, Frisian, Da- nish, and Lappish grammars, and works on the ancient Egyptian chronology, on the oldest He- brew chronology, and on the Thracian and Zend languages. After his death his contribu- tions to various journals were collected, with a life by Petersen (3 vols., Copenhagen, 1834-'8). KASKOLMKS, or Roskolniks, the principal class of Russian dissidents. See RUSSIA. RASPAIL, Francois Vincent, a French naturalist and revolutionist, born in Carpentras, Jan. 29, 1794. He studied at the seminary of Avignon, settled in Paris in 1815 as a scientific writer, and was in 1830 wounded during the revolu- tion. He was subsequently a journalist, spend- ing many years in prison on account of his revolutionary writings. He led the populace in 1848 to proclaim the republic, and was after- ward again imprisoned till 1854, although elect- ed in 1849 to the national assembly. In the interval he had also been imprisoned for illegal practice of medicine. He had sold camphor in the form of cigarettes as the best remedy against internal and external parasites, and written much on the subject. In 1869 he was elected to the legislative body, and joined Rochefort in editing the Marseillaise. In 1870- '71 he was identified with the commune move- ment. His principal works are: Nouveau systeme de chimie organique (new ed., 3 vols., 1838); Nouveau systeme de physiologie vege- tale, &c. (2 vols., 1837) ; Histoire naturelle des ammonites et des terebratules (3 vols., 1842; new ed., 1866); Histoire naturelle de la sante et de la maladie (3 vols., 1839-'43 ; 3d ed., en- larged, 1857) ; Manuel de la sante (annual, 1846-'65); and Nouvelles etudes scientifiques et philologiques (1865). RASPBERRY, the name (of very doubtful derivation) of fruit-bearing shrubs of the genus rubus, of the order rosacece or rose family. The genus consists of shrubs or half-shrubby (and a few herbaceous) perennial plants, with mostly compound leaves ; the lobes of the bractless calyx persistent ; petals five ; stamens and pistils numerous ; the ovaries containing two ovules, and in fruit becoming one-seeded pulpy drupes, which cohere in a head or clus- ter above the open calyx. It is one of those genera in which the species are so variable that their number has been unduly increased by local botanists ; over 500 have been de- scribed, but there are probably not more than 100 good species. The genus rubus includes both the raspberries and the blackberries ; in the former the drupes cohere, and when ripe fall away from the dry receptacle, or in some species there are only a few grains which fall separately, while in the latter the drupes re- main attached to the receptacle. Our native raspberries are divided into three sections: 1. With simple leaves, large flowers, plant with- out prickles, and the fruit very flat and broad. To this section belongs what is called in this country the rose-flowering, and in England the Virginia raspberry, R. odoratus ; it is about 5 ft. high, with ample three- to five-lobed leaves, which as well as the young shoots are viscid with glandular bristly hairs ; the flowers, of a rich rose-purple color, are about 2 in. across ; the fruit, which is variable, is sometimes an inch broad, very flat, reddish, with a rather pleasant flavor, though dry. This is found in rocky places from Canada to the mountains of Georgia, and is sometimes seen in cultiva- tion, though not so often as it deserves ; its large flowers, varying in depth of color, appear much like single roses, and it blooms at mid- summer, when but few shrubs are in flower. The white-flowering raspberry, R. Nvtlanus, was first discovered at Nootka on the N. W. coast, but has later been found to extend as far east as upper Michigan ; among other differ- ences from the foregoing, it is not bristly and has white flowers. The Rocky mountain bram- ble, R. deliciosus, is hairy, and has smaller leaves and larger flowers than either of the preceding ; it has recently been introduced into gardens, and will be popular on account of its abundant flowers, which are pure white, and have a peculiarly delicate texture ; the specific name was given it by Torrey, from the accounts of the fruit given by the discoverer Dr. James ; but it proves to be very indifferent. Belong- ing to the same section is the cloudberry, It. chamamorvs, a low, creeping, nearly herba- ceous, dioecious, subalpine species, with white flowers, and a few amber-colored, very large grains ; it is also a European species, and is found throughout arctic America, on the White mountains above the tree line, and at Mount Desert and other points on the eastern coast, where its fruit is called the baked-apple berry. 2. The second section comprises low, mostly