Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIV.djvu/173

 RADISH RADOWITZ 165 my in land is practised, it is customary to sow a bed with beets in regular drills, and then scatter radish seed over the bed broadcast and rake it in ; the radishes are gathered before the slowly germinating beets need attention ; they do best upon a light warm soil that has Tarieties of Radish. 1. Chinese Winter. 2. Olive-shaped. 8. Long. 4. Turnip-shaped. been heavily manured for some crop the pre- vious year. In some localities a fly (antho- myia rapJianum) makes their culture impos- sible ; its larva, a small white maggot, is very destructive. The turnip-shaped and olive- shaped, the French breakfast, and long scarlet are the leading early sorts, and the catalogues give many others, including white and other colors. The winter varieties are sown late in July or early in August in the latitude of New York, and harvested before freezing weather ; to keep them fresh, they should be packed in earth or sand. The black and white Spanish are most common, but the rose-colored Chi- nese is by far the best. The rat-tailed radish is probably a distinct species (R. caudatus) its root is not edible, but the pods, which are 2 ft. or more long, are used for pickles, and by some liked when dressed in the manner of asparagus. The wild radish (R. raphanis- trum), also called jointed charlock, has yellow flowers and necklace-formed pods with a long beak ; this is a common weed in European agriculture, and has firmly established itself in some of our older states ; it has much the same general appearance as the true charlock (brassica sinapistrum, or sinapis arvensis of most authors), from which it is readily dis- tinguished by its jointed pods, which when quite ripe often break up between the seeds. In 1860 M. Carriere, a French horticulturist, published an account of his experiments in improving the wild radish, and found that a careful selection gave him in four generations edible roots of as varied forms as are present- ed by the garden radish. RADNORSHIRE, a county of S. Wales, bor- dering on Montgomery, Shropshire, Hereford, Brecknock, and Cardigan ; area, 432 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 25,430. The chief towns are Presteign, Knighton, Radnor, and Rhayader. The Wye is the principal river. The surface is mountainous, the highest point being 2,163 ft. above the sea ; but the S. E. part is in gen- eral level. A great portion of the county con- sists of common bog and moor land. Num- bers of small ponies are reared. The county was anciently inhabited by the Silures. RADOM, a government of Russian Poland, I bordering on the governments'of Kielce, Piotr- k6w, Warsaw, Siedlce, and Lublin, and bound- ed S. E. by Austrian Galicia; area, 4,768 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 532,466. It is drained by the Pilica and Vistula, which bound it on the north and west, and east and southeast respec- tively, and their affluents. The soil is diversi- fied, and the surface the most elevated in the kingdom of Poland, being mountainous in the S. E. part. The government of Kielce on the southwest was separated from it in 1866. The capital, Radom, is in the N. part on a small tributary of the Vistula, 6/) m. S. of Warsaw ; pop. in 1867, 10,944. RADOWITZ, Joseph Maria von, a Prussian statesman, born at Blankenburg, Brunswick, Feb. 6, 1797, died in Berlin, Dec. 25, 1853. His ancestors had emigrated from Hungary. He was instructed by his mother as a Protes- tant, and subsequently by his father as a Cath- olic. He entered the army in 1813, and was wounded and captured at the battle of Leipsic. In 1815, after the restoration of peace, he set- tled in Cassel as a teacher of mathematics and military science at the school of cadets, "and was attached in the same capacity to the house- hold of Prince Frederick William, the future elector. In 1823 he returned to the Prussian army with the rank of colonel, and in 1845 he became general. His great influence over the crown prince, the future king Frederick Wil- liam IV., gave him a prominent position, and after holding various diplomatic offices and prompting the king in 1847 to make impor- tant organic changes in the government, he retired from the army in 1848, and went to Frankfort as leader of the ultra conservatives in the German parliament. His views, how- ever, underwent a gradual change, and he be- came an advocate of a constitutional monar- chy and of the union of North Germany under the king of Prussia. In 1849-'50 he was fore- most in Berlin and Erfurt in the general di- rection of affairs, and from Sept. 27 to Nov. 29, 1850, he was minister of foreign relations. He retired from this office in consequence of the opposition to his plan of a rupture with Austria. His principal works are : Gesprache aus der Oegenwart uber Staat und KircJie (1846) ; Deutschland und Friedrich Wilhelm IV. (1848) ; and Neue Gesprdc7ie aits der Gegenwart (2 vols., 1851). His Oesammelte Schriften comprise 5 vols. (1852-'3).