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 QUATEEMEEE Q1ATKF.MKUE, Etienne Mare, a French orien- talist, born in Paris, July 12, 1782, died Sept. 18, 1857. He was a pupil of Sylvestre de Sacy and Ch6zy. In 1809 he became professor of Greek literature at Eouen, in 1819 was called to the college de France to teach Hebrew, Chal- daic, and Syriac, and in 1827 became professor of Persian at the school of the living eastern languages. To him is mainly owing the identi- fication of the modern Coptic as a derivative of the language of the ancient Egyptians, which gave an important clue to the interpretation of the latter. He wrote Recherches historiques et critiques sur la langue et la litterature de Vffigypte (1808) ; Memoires geographiques et Mstoriques sur VEgypte (1810) ; and Observa- tions sur quelques points de la geographic de VEgypte (1812). His editions and translations of Eashid ed-Din's Histoire des Mongols en France (1836) and Makrizi's Histoire des soul- tans mamlouks en Egypte (1837-'40) are of special value. His library was bought by the king of Bavaria and removed to Munich. QIATKEHEKE DE QII.NCY, intoine Chrysostome, a French archaeologist, born in Paris, Oct. 28, 1755, died Dec. 28, 1849. In 1785 a paper Sur V architecture egyptienne secured for him a prize from the academy of inscriptions ; he was then engaged as a contributor to the En- cyclopedie methodique, for which he wrote a Dictionnaire de T architecture (3 vols. 4to, 1786- 1825). He took an active part in the events of the French revolution, and held several political offices under the republic, consulate, and empire, and after the restoration. In 1815 he was appointed superintendent of public monuments, and in 1818 professor of archaeol- ogy in the royal library ; and he was secretary general of the academy of fine arts from 1816 to 1839. Among his voluminous works are : Le Jupiter olympien (fol., 1814), a restoration of the great work of Phidias ; De limitation dans les beaux arts (1823 ; English translation by J. C. Kent, 8vo, 1837) ; Histoire de la vie et des outrages de Raphael (1824) ; Canova et ses outrages (1834) ; and Histoire de la me de Mi- chel-Ange (1835). QUEBEC (formerly LOWER CANADA, or CANA- DA EAST), a province of the Dominion of Can- ada, situated between lat. 45 and 53 30' N., and Ion. 57 8' and 79 30' "W. ; area, accord- ing to the latest estimates, 193,355 sq. m. It is bounded N. by the Northwest territories and the portion of Labrador belonging to New- foundland ; E. by Labrador and the gulf of St. Lawrence; S. and S. E. by the gulf of St. Lawrence, New Brunswick, Maine, and New Hampshire, then S. by Vermont and New York ; and S. "W. and W. by the province of Ontario, from which it is mostly separated by the Otta- wa river. The N. boundary line, formed by the height of land which separates the waters that flow into the river and gulf of St. Lawrence on the one hand from those that flow into Hudson bay and those that reach the Atlantic through the Labrador coast on the other, is QUEBEC (PROVINCE) 133 irregular, and has not been surveyed. The E. limit is a line drawn due N. and S. from Blanc Sablon bay (at the W. entrance of the strait of Belle Isle) to the 52d parallel. From Lake Temiscamingue, on the Ontario border, N. E. to Blanc Sablon bay, is about 1,050 m. ; E. to the extremity of the Gasp6 peninsula, 700 m. ; S. E. to the angle formed by the boundary with Vermont and New Hampshire, 400 m. The general breadth N. and S. is about 125 m. E. of the mouth of the St. Lawrence river and about 250 m. W. of that. Exclusive of the cities of Montreal and Quebec, each contain- ing three electoral districts, the province is divided into 59 electoral districts or counties, viz. : Argenteuil, Bagot, Beauce, Beauharnois, Bellechasse, Berthier, Bonaventure, Brome, Chambly, Champlain, Charlevoix, Chateau- guay, Chicoutimi and Saguenay, Compton, Dorchester, Drummond-Arthabaska, Gaspe Hochelaga, Huntingdon, Iberville, Jacques Car- tier, Joliette, Kamouraska, Laprairie, L'As- somption, Laval, L6vis, L'Islet, Lotbinire, Maskinonge', M6gantic, Missisquoi, Montcalm, Montmagny, Montmorency, Napierville, Nico- let, Ottawa, Pontiac, Portneuf, Quebec, Eiche- lieu, Eichmond- Wolfe, Eimouski, Eouville, Shefford, Sherbrooke, Soulanges, St. Hyacinthe, St. Johns (St. Jean), St. Maurice, Stanstead, T6miscouata, Terrebonne, Three Eivers (Trois EiviSres), Two Mountains (Deux Montagnes), Vaudreuil, Vercheres, and Yamaska. Quebec (pop. in 1871, 59,699) is the capital and Mon- treal (pop. 107,225) the commercial metropolis of the province. There are two other cities, Three Eivers (pop. 7,570) and St. Hyacinthe (pop. 3,746). Levis (pop. 6,691), Sorel (5,636), Sherbrooke (4,432), Joliette (3,047), and St. Johns (3,022) are incorporated towns. Other towns and villages, having each more than 1,000 inhabitants, are Aylmer, Berthier, Beau- harnois, Buckingham, Chicoutimi, Couticook, Farnham, Fraserville, Hull, Lachine, Laprai- rie, L'Assomption, Longueuil, Montmagny, Ei- mouski, St. Jerome, and Terrebonne. The pop- ulation of the province in 1676 was 8,415 ; in 1734, 37,252; in 1770, 91,078; in 1780, 127,845; in 1827, 423,378; in 1831, 511,920; in 1844, 690,782; in 1851, 890,261; in 1861, 1,111,566; in 1871, 1,191,516. Of the last number, 596,041 were males and 595,475 fe- males; 1,104,401 were born in the province, 7,018 in Ontario, 2,746 in other parts of Brit- ish America, 12,371 in England, 35,828 in Ire- land, 11,260 in Scotland, and 14,714 in the United States; 929,817 were of French, 123,- 478 of Irish, 69,822 of English, 49,458 of Scotch, 7,963 of German, and 148 of African origin; and 6,988 were Indians, chiefly Algonquins, Iroquois, Abenakis, Hurons, Micmacs, Mali- cetes, Montagnais, and Nasqnapees. There were 191,862 persons 20 years old and over (107,782 males and 84,080 females) unable to read, and 244,731 (123,926 males and 120,805 females) unable to write; 180,615 occupied dwellings, 213,303 families, 1,630 deaf and