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 76 PAREGORIC ELIXIR PARIS of French infantry, Rene de Montejan, ap- pointed him surgeon to his troops and took him to Italy. After his return to Paris he was elected provost of the college of surgery. In 1552 he was appointed surgeon to Henry II., and afterward to Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. He exerted a great influence upon practical surgery, but his reputation rests mainly upon three important improvements : 1. The treatment of gun-shot wounds by simple dressings, instead of boiling oil or the actual cautery, which had been thought necessary on account of the supposed poisonous nature of such wounds. 2. The application of the liga- ture to blood vessels after amputation, to pre- vent haemorrhage, instead of the actual cautery. This was almost as great an improvement as the first, and one of still wider application. 3. The rule that in searching for a bullet the pa- tient should be placed in the same posture as at the moment of receiving the wound. The first edition of his complete works appeared at Lyons in 1562, and the last, edited by Dr. Mal- gaigne, with notes, at Paris in 1840-'41 (3 vols. 8vo). They were translated into English by T. Johnson (fol., London, 1634). PAREGORIC ELIXIR (Or. iraprjyopiK.6^ sooth- ing), or camphorated tincture of opium, a prep- aration of opium and benzoic acid, each 1 drachm; oil of anise, 1 fluid drachm; honey, 2 ounces; camphor, 2 scruples; diluted alco- hol, 2 pints; macerated for seven days and filtered through paper. This is a popular med- icine, used as an anodyne and antispasmodic. It allays cough in cases of asthma and catarrh, and relieves slight pains in the stomach and bowels. It is especially used for children, on account of the weakness of the preparation permitting a more accurate graduation of the dose ; but it should be administered with the same caution as any other preparation of opium. PAREJA, Joan de, a Spanish artist, born in the West Indies in 1610, or according to Cean Ber- mudez in Seville, of parents who were slaves, in 1606, died in Madrid in 1670. He accom- panied Velasquez as his slave to Madrid in 1628, and mixed the colors and prepared the palette of the artist. Secretly studying the style of Yelasquez, he soon painted creditable pictures, one of which attracted the attention of Philip IV. in a visit to the artist's studio, and resulted in the emancipation of Pareja. The slave became the pupil of his master, and imitated him so well that their pictures are sometimes confounded. His works include "The Calling of St. Matthew" at Aranjuez, "The Baptism of Christ" at Toledo, and some saints at Madrid. PARENT AND CHILD. See INFANT. PARENT DU CHATELET, Alexandra Jean Baptist*, a French physician, born in Paris, Sept. 29, 1790, died there, March 7, 1836. Admitted to the practice of medicine in 1814, he made pub- lic hygiene his specialty, and published Several works, the more important of which are : Essai sur Us cloaques ou egouts de la mile de Paris (1824), and De la prostitution dans la mile dt Paris (2 vols., 1836). PAREPA-ROSA. See ROSA. PARHELIA. See HALO. PARIAHS, a low caste of the Tamil country and race, in southern India, whose name is er roneously applied by Europeans to the outsid< Hindoo castes generally, of which it is onli one, forming but a small part of the outcas population. These low castes are organize( under strict and exclusive regulations, like th< higher castes above them; and Max Miille; says that the lowest Pariah is as proud and ai anxious to preserve his own caste as the high est Brahman. The name Pariah is derive( from the bell which they were formerly obligee to carry about, to warn Brahmans of the ap proach of an outcast. The common domesti< dogs of India and Ceylon, mongrels of Euro pean descent which haunt the streets and sub urbs of cities and sometimes hunt in packs 01 the plains, are known as Pariah dogs. PARIAN MARBLES. See ARUNDEL. PARINI, Giuseppe, an Italian poet, born at Bo sisio, near Milan, May 22, 1729, died Aug. 15 1799. He was of humble birth and occupa tion, but acquired fame in 1752 by his Ri pano Eupilino, a volume of poems, and stil more by his II giorno, a didactic and drama tic satire. His works were edited by Reina (( vols., Milan, 1801-'4, and 2 vols., 1825). PARIS, the capital of France, and the seconc city in Europe in point of population, on botl banks of the Seine and on two islands in tha river, 111m. from its mouth ; lat. of the ob servatory, 48 60' 11" N., Ion. 2 20' 22" E. height of the city above the sea, 190 ft. ; are* enclosed within the fortifications, 18,315 acres or a little more than 28 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872 1,851,792. With its suburbs it forms a specia department, that of the Seine, having an are* of 184 sq. m., and a population in 1872 o: 2,220,060. The area of the city proper at dif f erent dates is shown in the following table : PERIODS. Acres. Sq.m. Under Julius Caesar ...B. C. 56 87 " Philip Augustus ..A. D. 1211 625 " Charles VI " Henry III ... " 1383 " 1581 1,084 1,193 1-69 1-86 " Louis XIII. " 1634 1403 2-19 " Louis XIV " 1686 2728 4-26 " Louis XVI " 1784 8,708 13-60 " Napoleon III. . . .. . " 1860 18315 2S'61 The following table shows the increase of ulation of the city during the past 80 years the figures for the first two dates being fron the most trustworthy estimates, the others from official censuses : YEARS. Population. Pop. to the acre. YEARS. Population. Pop. to the acre 1798... 1802 1806 1817 1827 640,000 672,000 580,609 713,966 890,431 78 77 66 82 102 1886.. . 1846. . . 1856.. . 1866.. . 1872.. . 909,126 945,721 1,174,346 1,825,274 1,851,792 104 108 135 100 101