Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/858

 834 PRIESTS OF THE MISSION PRIMATIOOIO 1795, continued by his son, was also published in America posthumously, and in London (2 vols. 8vo, 1806-"T), and is contained with his correspondence in the edition of his " Theo- logical and Miscellaneous Works" published by John Towell Rutt (25 vols., Hackney, 1817 et seq.). The centennial of the discovery of oxygen was celebrated by American chemists at Northumberland, Pa., Aug. 1, 1874, and on the same day a statue of Priestley was un- veiled in Birmingham, England. A statue of him had been placed in the museum of Oxford university in 1860. A bibliography of his productions, prepared in the library of con- gress for the centennial celebration of 1876, comprises more than 300 published books and pamphlets on chemistry, history, theology, met- aphysics, physics, politics, and miscellaneous subjects. PRIESTS OF THE MISSION. See LAZARISTS. PRIESTS OF THE ORATORY. See OBATOKI- ANS. PRIM, Juan, count of Reus and marquis de los Oastillejos, a Spanish general, born in Reus, Catalonia, Dec. 6, 1814, died in Madrid, Dec. 30, 1870. He early entered the army and the cortes, and in 1843 aided Narvaez in over- throwing Espartero, for which he was made a count, a general, and governor of Madrid. In the following year he turned against JSTarvaez, who caused him to be sentenced to six years' imprisonment ; but the queen soon pardoned him and appointed him governor of Porto Rico. From 1848 to 1853 he was a parliamen- tary leader of the progresistas, and subse- quently he lived in exile till 1858. In 1859-'60 he gained decisive victories as commander of the Spanish army in Morocco, especially at the battle of Los Oastillejos, from which he took his title of marquis. In 1862 he commanded the Spanish force in Mexico destined to coop- erate with France and England ; but, unwill- ing to abet the designs of the emperor Napo- leon, he withdrew together with the English, and his course was approved by the cortes. In August, 1864, he was for a short time expelled from Madrid on account of his al- leged complicity in a military conspiracy ; and in January, 1866, after his abortive rebellion against O'Donnell's administration, he fled, and fomented disturbances at home even while abroad. In September, 1868, he brought about, with Serrano, Topete, and others, the revolution which drove Isabella from the throne, and be- came president of the council, minister of war, and commander-in-chief, with the rank of marshal, under Serrano's regency. After sev- eral vain attempts to find a foreign prince eligi- ble for the throne, Prim fixed at last (July 2, 1870) upon Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, which, through the jealousy of Napoleon III., resulted in the Franco-German war. He then prevailed upon the Italian prince Amadeus to become king, but was wounded by assassins on Dec. 28, and died on the same day on which Amadeus landed in Spain. A monument in his honor, cast in Paris, from drawings fur- nished by Zuloaga, a Spanish artist residing in France, was completed in 1875, to be placed over his tomb in the Atocha church at Madrid. PRDIATE (Lat. primas, one first in rank), a hierarchical title generally given to arch- bishops, and sometimes to bishops, and deno- ting jurisdiction or precedence over the epis- copal body of a whole country. The title be- longs to the Latin church, and corresponds with that of exarch (i-gapxos) in the Greek church. The name first occurs in connection with the see of Carthage, whose bishop, as be- ing the metropolitan of the African province, probably first bore the title of primas. When Constantine divided Africa into six provinces, the title of primate ceased to designate metro- politan rank, and attached only to seniority. In the countries of western Europe, outside of Italy, the use of this title for many centu- ries was regulated by no fixed rule. The first rank, primatus, was conceded universally to the Roman bishop. In the earliest times the bishops only who filled the office of papal le- gates were called primates ; such were in Spain the bishops of Seville and Tarragona, and in Gaul the bishops of Aries and Vienne. In the 8th century Pope Zachary bestowed the title of primate upon the bishop of Mentz ; and Beda says that in his time it was enjoyed by the bishops of London and Canterbury. It was conferred on the bishop of Pisa by Pope Al- exander III. (died in 1181). In the English church before the reformation Canterbury held primatial rank, and it has retained the rank as a Protestant see. In Ireland Armagh, as being the see of St. Patrick, held primatial rank, its archbishop styling himself in later times " pri- mate of all Ireland," while the archbishop of Dublin claims to be "primate of Ireland." Such is even now the style assumed by both the Protestant and Roman Catholic occupants of these sees. On the continent primatial rank and jurisdiction varied with the political limita- tions of each country. In France, before the concordat of 1801, seven archbishops received the title of primate, viz. : those of Rheims, Lyons, Sens, Bourges, Bordeaux, Aries, and Vienne, besides the bishop of Nancy, who styled himself primate of Lorraine ; the arch- bishop of Lyons, as being the successor of St. Irenaeus, took the title of "primate of pri- mates." In Germany the primatial sees are Mentz and Treves, besides Gnesen for all Po- land; in Sweden, Lund; in Bohemia, Prague; in Hungary, Gran; and in German Austria, Salzburg. Since the beginning of the present century the policy of the court of Rome has been to grant to no bishop, who was not al- ready canonically entitled to it, the title and rights of primate. PRIMATICCIO, Francesco, an Italian painter, born in Bologna in 1490, died in Paris in 1570. He completed his studies in Mantua under Giulio Romano, whom he assisted in important works, and in 1531 went to Paris, where he