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 688 POLYGNOTUS POLYGONUM alist party. Copies containing the expunged paragraph are called republican, in distinction from the substituted royalist copies. There are also several minor polyglots. Two editions of the Pentateuch were printed in Constanti- nople, one in 1547, the other in 1551, with ver- sions in four languages, but all in Hebrew char- acters. The first edition of the -Heidelberg polyglot, in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, ap- peared in 1586. In 1596 a polyglot by David W older, in Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and German, was published at Hamburg. The improved polyglot of Elias Hutter, containing the Old Testament as far as the end of Ruth, in He- brew, Chaldee, Greek, Latin, German, and French, appeared at Nuremberg in 1599. In the following year Hutter printed the New Testament in 12 languages: Hebrew, Syriac, Greek, Latin, German, Italian, Spanish, Eng- lish, French, Danish, Bohemian, and Polish. The polyglot of Christian Reineccius (Leipsic, New Testament 1712, Old Testament 1750-'51) is in Syriac, Greek, Latin, and German. The polyglot most accessible to scholars is Bag- ster's, published by the London bookseller of that name (1 vol. fol., 1831). T^is gives the Old Testament in eight languages, and the New Testament in nine. Eight languages are ex- hibited at one view, viz.: Hebrew, Greek, English, Latin, German, Italian, French, and Spanish. The New Testament in Syriac, the Samaritan Pentateuch in Hebrew characters, the notes and readings of the Masoretic and other variations, are appended. The Lord's prayer was printed in Paris in 1805, by M. Marcel, in 90 languages, with characters prop- er to each. The Mithridates of Adelung (4 vols., Berlin, 1806-'17) contains the Lord's prayer in nearly 500 languages and dialects. POLIGNOTUS, a Greek painter, born in the island of Thasos about 493 B. C., died about 426. On Cimon's return to Athens from the expedition against Thasos in 463, Polygnotus accompanied him, and was employed by him in the decoration of the temple of Theseus, the Anaceum, and the Pcecile. About 460 he was engaged with Phidias on the temple of Athena Area at Platsea, where in conjunction with Onatas he painted the walls of the por- tico. Soon after the death of Cimon he went with other artists to Delphi to decorate the edifices connected with the great temple. He returned to Athens in 435, and was employed upon the Propylssa. Polygnotus painted both on walls and, in the more usual manner of Grecian artists, on panels, which were after- ward let into the walls. In the Stoa Poecile at Athens he represented the Greeks, after the fall of Troy, assembled to judge the case of Cassandra's violation by Ajax. In the Ana- ceum, or temple of the Dioscuri, he painted the " Marriage of the Daughters of Leucippus." Polygnotus was recognized in his time as at the head of his art. He was the first who gave variety to the expression of the counte- nance, or ease or grace to the outlines of fig- ures or the flow of drapery. According to Pliny, he was the first who used the sil or yellow ochre found in the Attic silver mines, and he also made a new pigment of black from the husks of pressed grapes. POLYGONUM (Gr. TroMf, many, and y6w, knee, from the numerous joints), a large genus of annual or perennial herbs, rarely under-shrubs, giving its name to a somewhat important family, the polygonacece, which includes among others the rhubarb, buckwheat, the docks, and sorrel. In most of the genera the stipules, above the swollen joints of the stem, are united to form a sheath, a character quite con- spicuous in most species of polygonum, by which they may be recognized at sight. The flowers are apetalous, with a five-parted, mostly petal-like calyx ; stamens four to nine ; pistil with a single-celled ovary, with two or three styles, and forming in fruit a lenticular or a three-angled akene. There are about 25 Polygonum bistorta. species east of the Mississippi, most of which are natives ; but few are showy, and some are common weeds. Recently glowing accounts have been published of a remarkable tanning plant discovered in Nebraska ; this proves to be the water persicaria, P. ampJiibium, com- mon all over the country and in Europe, and like several other species containing some tannin, though not a very large amount. P. orientale is a tall species from India, sometimes seen in old gardens under the names of prince's feather and ragged-sailor; it is sparingly naturalized in waste grounds. The lady's- thurnb (P. persicaria) has its peach-like leaves usually marked with a blackish spot near the middle ; it is an introduced plant and a very common weed in cultivated grounds, as is P. Pennsylvanicum, a native species which closely resembles it, but has hairy branches. Several of the species have a highly acrid juice, which is capable of producing inflammation and even