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 PAPtNIANUS PAPPENHEIM 55 liament, and it was not till 1828 that Papineau could take his seat. He prepared a list of the demands and grievances of his countrymen, which was introduced to the house in 1834 by B6durd, and known afterward as the 92 resolu- tions. After supporting them in the house, at the close of the session he went through the country urging a constitutional resistance to the imperial government. He advised the colonists not to vote subsidies for more than six months, and this measure was carried out in the session of 1836 ; but the new governor, Lord Gosford, vetoed it, and decided upon administering the province without the assistance of parliament. While the other provinces were conciliated by concessions and favors, Lower Canada was threatened with harsh measures. Papineau strenuously advocated peaceful resistance, but the liberal party took up arms, and he was not heeded. He remained with the rebels, but did not share in their military operations. As the engagements of St. Denis, St. Charles, and St. Eustache, in November and December, 1837, had demonstrated the futility of armed resis- tance, and as his arrest for high treason was ordered, he took refuge in the United States, and afterward lived in Paris eight years, en- gaged in literary pursuits. In 1847 he re- turned, under the general amnesty of 1840, was again elected to parliament, retired in 1854, and thereafter took no part in public affairs. PAPDilAMS, ^rnilins, a Roman jurist, born about A. D. 170, put to death in 212. He suc- ceeded Septimius Severus as advocatus jisci, and when the latter became emperor (193) received the office of libellorum magister, and subse- quently that of prcefectus prcetorio. In the second year of the reign of Caracalla he was beheaded by order and in the presence of that tyrant. Papinian was one of the most eminent of the Roman jurists. Among his pupils were Ulpian, Paulus, and others ; and in the Digests are 595 extracts from his works. PAPIRIUS CURSOR, a Roman family of the Papiria gens, supposed to have derived its name from the fleetness of foot of its founder. The following are its chief members. I. LIN ins, mas- ter of the horse under the dictator L. Papirius Crassus in 340 B. C., the date of the first historic mention of his name. In 333 he was consul with Ppetelius Libo, and according to some author- ities held the consulship again in 326. In the second year of the second Samnite war (325) he was made dictator during the illness of Lucius Camillus, the consul. He had taken the field, and was about to engage the enemy, when some reason arising to throw doubt upon the aus- pices which he had taken before opening the campaign, he returned temporarily to Rome, giving strict orders to Q. Fabius Maximus, his master of the horse, not to join battle in his absence. Fabius violated the order, and won the signal victory of Imbrinium. Papirius, a' strict disciplinarian, and unpopular with the army on this account, hastened back to pun- ish his disobedient lieutenant; but the latter was sustained by the troops, and, on appeal- ing to them, by the senate and people. The ill feeling of the army toward Papirius caused his defeat in his first battle, but, having con- ciliated his soldiers, he conducted the rest of the campaign with great success, and re- ceived a triumph. In 320, when consul for the second or third time, he again conducted a campaign against the Samnites in Apulia, which, though he was at one time hard pressed, was ultimately successful, Luceria be- ing captured. He received a second triumph ; and he was afterward thrice reflected consul, the Samnite war continuing through all his terms. In 309 he was again made dictator under very peculiar circumstances, his old lieu- tenant Fabius, naturally hostile to him, being ordered to nominate him for the post. Fabius sacrificed his personal hate and made the nomi- nation ; and Papirius hastened to the relief of the hard-pressed Roman army under Marcius in Apulia. After some little manoeuvring he gained a decisive and final victory over the Samnites, and, returning to Rome, celebrated a third triumph of peculiar magnificence. His death is believed to have occurred soon after. II* Lucius, son of the preceding, possessed mili- tary talents hardly inferior to his father's; and, having been made consul in 293, con- ducted much of the third Samnite war, as his father had of the second. He ended a suc- cessful campaign in Campania by great victo- ries near Aquilonia, and celebrated a triumph. Soon afterward he dedicated a temple erected by his father in honor of Quirinus, and placed near it the first sun dial set up at Rome. In 272 he was elected consul a second time, sub- dued the Bruttians and Lucanians, and was granted the honor of a second triumphal entry into the city. PAPPENHEIM, Gottfried Heinrich, count, an im- perial general in the thirty years' war, born May 29, 1594, died at Leipsic, Nov. 7 (new style 17), 1632. He received a liberal educa- tion at Altdorf and Tubingen, and travelled extensively. His zeal for the Roman Catholic faith leading him to adopt the profession of arms, he became a captain of cavalry, and was soon distinguished for his daring and courage. At Linz he joined the Bavarian army, and was made lieutenant colonel. At the battle of Prague, in 1620, he received 20 wounds, and was left for dead on the field. In 1623 the emperor appointed him commander of a regi- ment of cuirassiers, afterward celebrated under the name of Pappenheimers. He fought in Lombardy till 1626, when he was recalled to put down an insurrection of Protestant peas- ants in Upper Austria, who had resorted to arms to defend their faith. This revolt, in which 40,000 peasants perished, he crushed in a month ; the history of it he himself wrote. He assisted Tilly in his campaign in northern Germany against Christian IV. of Denmark, and in May, 1631, bore a leading part in the storming of Magdeburg. In the sack of this