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 622 PLUMPTKE PLUTARCH theology at Princeton, N. J., was licensed to preach in 1826, and in 1827 organized the Pres- byterian church in Danville, Va. He soon removed to Warrenton, N. 0., where also he organized a church, and afterward preached in Raleigh, Washington, and New Berne, N. 0., and in Prince Edward and Charlotte counties, Va. In 1834 he became pastor in Richmond, and in 1847 in Baltimore. In 1837 he founded the "Watchman of the South," a weekly reli- gious paper, which he conducted for eight years. In 1854 he became professor of didactic and pastoral theology in the western theological seminary at Allegheny City, Pa. In 1862 he removed to Philadelphia. In 1865 he became pastor of a Presbyterian church in Potts- ville, Pa., and in 1866 professor of didactic and polemic theology in the theological sem- inary at Columbia, S. C., in which office he still continues (1875). In 1838 he received the degree of D. D. from Princeton, Washington, and Lafayette colleges, and in 1857 the de- gree of LL. D. from the university of Missis- sippi. His publications include "The Grace of Christ" (12mo, 1853); "Rome against the Bible "(18mo, 1854); "The Church and her Enemies" (18mo, 1856); "The Law of God" (12mo, 1864); "Vital Godliness" (12mo, 1865); " Jehovah Jireh"(12mo, 1866); "Stud- ies in the Book of Psalms " (8vo, 1867) ; " The Rock of our Salvation " (12mo, 1867) ; " Words of Truth and Love" (18mo, 1868); "Com- mentary on the Epistle to the Romans " (8vo, 1870); "Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews " (8vo, 1872) ; and " Hints and Helps in Pastoral Theology " (12mo, 1873). PLUMPTRE, Edward Hayes, an English cler- gyman, born Aug. 6, 1821. He was educated at University college, Oxford, and became fel- low of Brasenose in 1844. He was appointed chaplain of King's college, London, in 1847, professor of pastoral theology in 1853, preb- endary of St. Paul's in 1863, and professor of New Testament exegesis in 1864. He was preacher at Lincoln's Inn for several years, elect preacher at Oxford in 1851-'3 and 1864 -'6, and Boyle lecturer in 1866. In 1869 he became rector of Pluckley, Kent. He is one of the company of revisers of the authorized version of the Bible (1875). His principal publications are: "Sermons at King's Col- lege" (1859); "Lazarus, and other Poems". (1864) ; " Master and Scholar, with other Poems" (1866); "Christ and Christendom," Boyle lectures (1867) ; " The Tragedies of Sophocles," in verse (2d ed., (1867) ; " The Tragedies of JEschylus," in verse (1868) ; and "Biblical Studies" (1870). PLUNKET, William Conyngham, baron, an Irish lawyer, born in Enniskillen in July, 1764, died Jan. 4, 1854. He was the son of a Presbyte- rian minister, graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, obtained a scholarship, entered Lin- coln's Inn in 1784, was called to the Irish bar in 1787, and became king's counsel in 1798. When the rebellion broke out he gave profes- sional aid to the patriots, and was publicly ac- cused of being an associate in their proceed- ings. In the Irish parliament, to which he was elected in 1798, he opposed the legislative union with England in 1800, and his speeches in the debates on that measure raised him to the first rank of his party and greatly increased his practice at the bar. In 1803 he was made solicitor general for Ireland, and on the out- break of Emmet's rebellion was one of the crown lawyers for the prosecution. In 1805-'7 he was attorney general for Ireland. From 1807 to 1822, with a brief interval, he was in the British house of commons, and made sev- eral able speeches in favor of Catholic emanci- pation. He was again made attorney general for Ireland in 1822, and one of his first official acts was to prosecute a large number of Orange- men for riot. In 1827 he was made chief jus- tice of the common pleas in Ireland, and was ennobled. From 1830 to 1841 he was, with an interval of five months in 1834-'5, lord chan- cellor of Ireland. He passed the rest of his life in retirement at his seat in Wicklow co. An edition of his speeches, by J. C. Hoey, was published in 1856, and his "Life, Letters, and Speeches," edited by one of his sons, with a pre- face by Lord Brougham, in 1867 (2 vols. 8vo). PLUTARCH, a Greek biographer, born in ChaBronea in Bceotia. The little that is known of his life has been collected chiefly from his own works. He was studying philosophy un- der Ammonius at Delphi when Nero went to Greece in A. D. 66. He visited several parts of Italy, and resided for some time at Rome, where he lectured during the reign of Domi- tian. He lived to an advanced age, and it is probable that he spent the later years of his life at Chaeronea, where he was a magistrate and also a priest of Apollo. He married Timox- ena, a lady of his native city, and had five chil- dren, to one of whom, Lamprias, is attributed the catalogue of his productions. Fabricius conjectured that he died when 70 years old, in the reign of Hadrian. The great work of Plutarch is his " Parallel Lives." In this he writes a biography of a Greek and of a Ro- man, and then makes a comparison between the two, although in some cases the compari- sons are now lost. There are 46 of these lives extant. The other works ascribed to him, num- bering about 60, are ranged together under the general title of Moralia, but 11 of them are on historical subjects. The first edition of the "Lives" in the Greek text appeared at Flor- ence in 1517. One of the best editions is that of Sintenis (5 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1839 -'53). Of the numerous translations, the French one of Amyot was rendered into English by Sin Thomas North in 1612. Dry den's translation is really the work of other hands. There is another English translation by John and Wil- liam Langhorne. A revision of Dryden's was edited by Arthur Hugh Clough (5 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1859). The first edition of the Mo- ralia, very incorrect, was that of the elder Al-