Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/63

 PAPER HANGINGS PAPHOS 53 were in the United States, exclusive of pa- per-hanging manufactories, 669 establishments, mainly manufacturing printing, writing, and wrapping paper, with a capital of $34,365,014, and products valued at $48,676,935. Of these, 174 in New York produced $10,301,563; 65 in Massachusetts, $6,661,886; 75 in Pennsyl- vania, $5,176,646; 43 in Ohio, $3,799,505 ; and 60 in Connecticut, $2,715,630. PAPER HANGINGS, a covering for interior walls of buildings, made of paper and usually printed with figures and devices, as a substitute for hangings of tapestry or cloth. They came into use in Europe about 200 years ago, but have been used by the Chinese for many cen- turies. Since the invention of the Fourdrinier paper machine, by means of which strips of pa- per of indefinite length may be made cheaply, they have been common in Europe and the Uni- ted States. Previous to this time squares of hand-made paper were pasted together. For most of the period during which paper hang- ings have been used they have been printed with blocks by hand, after the manner of calico printing or the printing of oil cloth by hand. The colors are opaque and mixed with size. In the better kinds of hangings the whole of the paper is covered and the figures are then applied. In the cheaper kinds a colored paper is used to print on. As many blocks are used as there are colors in the pattern, each block having the part of the pattern upon it which is of one color. One block is printed the whole length of the paper by a succession of impressions; the piece is then dried, and the next color applied. Cylinder printing ma- chines are now in use, which facilitate and cheapen the process. The pattern is engraved in parts on a series of copper cylinders, to each one of which a particular color is applied as the cylinder revolves. As the paper reach- es each cylinder in succession, it receives an impression of one part of the pattern in one color, the figure being completed by the last cylinder. The paper is dried after passing each printing cylinder by the back surface passing over plain heated cylinders. Copper, silver, and gold leaf are often applied, making some of the hangings very expensive. Pow- dered steatite or French chalk is used as the ground for satin papers, the gloss being pro- duced by polishing. A kind called flock pa- pers are made by coating the surface with a composition called encaustic, made of linseed oil boiled with litharge and ground up with white lead. The flock, made by cutting and grinding woollen colored fabrics, is sifted over the paper as it passes along covered with the encaustic, and is dried by warmed cylinders. Some of the finest French papers have the colors applied by hand. Many of the colors ns'd upon paper hangings are prepared from mineral substances, some of which are of high- ly poisonous character. This is especially the ith the rich greens of the flock papers, which are chiefly what is called Schweinfurt green, a very dangerous compound of arsenic and copper. Costly and elegant paper hang- ings of this character are now in use, the noxious influence of which seriously affects the workmen who put them up, and occasion- ally so vitiates the atmosphere of the apart- ments as to impair the health of the inmates of the house. PAPER NAUTILUS. See NAUTILUS. PAPHLAGONIA, in ancient geography, a coun- try in the north of Asia Minor, bounded N. by the Euxine sea, E. by Pontus, from which it was separated by the river Halys (the modern Kizil Irmak), S. by Galatia, and W. by Bithynia. The chief city was Sinope, founded by a Greek colony, on the Euxine; 'and other important places were Cytorus and Amastris on the coast, and Pompeiopolis and Gangra in the interior. The only important rivers, besides the Halys, were the Amnias (Kara-su), its tributary, and the Parthenius (Bartan-su), on the Bithynian border. The Olgassys mountains (Ilkaz Dagh) in the centre, an extension of the chain run- ning from Armenia to the Hellespont, send up to the northern part of the country numerous branches. Generally the surface is mountain- ous and rugged, especially in the southern por- tion, the northern containing many wide and fertile valleys. Paphlagonia was celebrated for its horses, and also produced mules and antelopes, and in some parts sheep breeding was common, while the vast forests in the south afforded an ample supply of timber. A kind of red ochre was obtained in the neigh- borhood of Pompeiopolis. The Paphlagonians appear to have been a Syrian race, and were rude and superstitious. The chase was a favor- ite pursuit in peace, and their cavalry was cele- brated in war. Paphlagonia was originally governed by native princes, but was annexed to Lydia by Croesus ; and after the conquest of that kingdom by Cyrus, it formed a portion of the third satrapy of the Persian empire, though various satraps made themselves inde- pendent rulers. After the death of Alexander, Paphlagonia fell into the hands of Eumenes ; but after his fall it was again independent until it became a part of the dominions of Mithri- dates, king of Pontus. The Romans united the coast districts with Bithynia, and subsequently incorporated the whole country with the prov- ince of Galatia ; but Constantine erected it into a separate province. It is now embraced in the Turkish vilayet of Kastamuni. PAPHOS, the name of two ancient towns in the S. "W. part of Cyprus, one of which was called Old Paphos, the other New Paphos, the former being the one usually denoted by the poets, the latter by the prose writers. Old Paphos, the seat of the worship of Venus, and reputed the place where she landed after hav- ing risen out of the sea, was about 1 J m. from the shore, and owes its legendary foundation to Cinyras, the father of Adonis. Here her worship was early established, and the huge foundations of the temple are still visible. New