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 52 PAPER length, could be made. In 1801 the machine was again patented by Mr. Gamble, a brother- in-law of M. Didot, and was exhibited in Eng- land, where the stationery firm of Messrs. Four- drinier made arrangements for its purchase, at the same time expending 60,000 for improve- ments. The first machine was put into opera- tion by Mr. Donkin, who devised the improve- ments in 1803, and in 1804 the patents of Didot and Gamble were transferred to the Messrs. Fourdrinier. The expense incurred by this public-spirited firm was never returned in earn- ings of the machine. A bill for assistance was introduced into parliament, but was not passed, and the Messrs. Fourdrinier were obliged at last to go into bankruptcy. In 1800 good white paper to the amount of 700 reams a week was made for the first time from old waste and written and printed paper, such as had always before been thrown away. This was done in England by Matthias Koops. He also made better paper from straw, wood, and other vege- table matters, without the addition of any other known paper stuff, than had ever before been produced. He obtained a patent for the use of straw, hay, thistles, waste and refuse of hemp and flax, &c. Notwithstanding the largely in- creased use of other materials, in Great Britain, as elsewhere, rags are the chief material, the import in 1871 amounting to 26,757 tons, val- ued at 442,030, which was the largest impor- tation ever known in that country. William Rittinghuysen (now spelled Rittenhouse), a native of Holland, was among the early set- tlers of Germantown, Pa. In 1690, in company with William Bradford the printer, he estab- lished the first paper mill in America at Rox- borough near Philadelphia, on a stream called Paper Mill run, a. branch of the Wissahickon, about 2 m. above its junction with the Schuyl- kill. This mill supplied Bradford with paper while he lived in Philadelphia and after he set- tled in New York. The paper was made of linen rags. The second paper mill in America was erected in that part of Germantown called Crefield, on a small stream that empties into the Wissahickon near the manor of Springfield, by William De Wers, a brother-in-law of Nich- olas Rittenhouse, son of the first paper maker, in 1710. A paper mill was erected in 1714 upon Chester creek in Delaware. It was after- ward owned by a Mr. Wilcox, who furnished Franklin with paper from it. In the colony of Massachusetts Bay, as appears from the state- ment of Salmon in his "Modern History" (vol. iii., p. 494), a paper mill was set up about the year 1717, and in 1720 was making paper to the value of about 200 per annum. But oth- er authorities give the year 1730 as the date of the first paper mill in Massachusetts, which was built at Milton under the encouragement of the bounty offered by the legislature in 1728. There was in 1728 a paper mill at Elizabeth- town, N. J., owned by William Bradford. In 1768 a mill was completed at Norwich, Conn., by Christopher LeiSngwell, under official en- couragement. Another was in operation in 1776 at East Hartford, belonging to Watson and Ledyard, which supplied about 8,000 sheets weekly for the press at Hartford, and most of the writing paper used in the state and the continental army. There were at this time three small mills in Massachusetts and one in Rhode Island, and not long after one at Ben- nington, Vt. The manufacture had made more rapid progress in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware, where in 1770 the total num- ber of paper mills was about 40, and the annual product of paper was worth about 100,000. In New England and New York the supply was far short of the demand, and it was with the greatest difficulty that rags were procured for the mills. The first paper mill in north- ern New York was built in 1793 at Troy by Websters, Ensign, and Seymour, in which from five to ten reams were made daily. The next year one was constructed at Fairhaven, Vt., by Col. Lyon, and the bark of the bass wood was employed in it for making wrapping paper. In 1810 the number of mills in the United States was estimated at 185, of which 7 were in New Hampshire, 38 in Massachusetts, 4 in Rhode Island, 17 in Connecticut, 9 in Vermont, 28 in New York, 60 in Pennsylvania, 4 in Delaware, 3 in Maryland, 4 in Virginia, 1 in South Caro- lina, 6 in Kentucky, and 4 in Tennessee. They produced annually 50,000 reams of news paper, worth about $3 a ream; 70,000 reams of book paper, worth $3 50 a ream ; 111,000 reams of writing paper, worth $3 a ream; and 100,000 reams of wrapping paper, worth 83 cents a ream. In 1828 the consumption of paper by the newspapers throughout the United States was estimated at 104,400 reams, costing $500,- 000 ; and the total value of all paper made was nearly $7,000,000, and of the rags and other materials used about $2,000,000. The Four- drinier machine, imported from England, was in use in a number of mills, Massachusetts in 1829 having six of them, or one for every ten mills. These, and improved methods of cleansing and bleaching, principally by the use of chlorine, gave a great impulse to the busi- ness. The importation of rags continued to in- crease, their value in 1839 and 1840 exceeding $560,000 a year. The imports of paper in each of the same years amounted to about $150,000 and the exports to $85,000. In 1850 the value of rags imported was $748,707, and of paper $496,563. Three fourths of the rags were from Italian and Austrian ports, and their cost was $3 61 for 100 Ibs. The capital invested in the manufacture was about $18,000,000, the an- nual product of paper about $17,000,000, and the number of mills about 700, all but two of which had Fourdrinier machines. The town of Lee in Berkshire co., Mass., beeame celebrated for its paper mills, having 25 mills in 1851, which produced about 25,000 Ibs. of paper daily and $2,000,000 worth per annum. The consumption of paper in 1852 equalled that of England and France together. In 1870 there