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 564 PIUS (POPES) bj the civic guard, rushed for arms to the castle of Sant' Angelo. The chamber of depu- ties waited upon the pope on Aug. 1 with an address containing all the demands of the mob. On the 3d the Austrians, having van- quished Charles Albert at Custozza, reentered the legations, but were driven out of Bologna by the armed citizens. The pope sent the author- ities the order to " do all that is requisite to save the country and keep inviolate its sacred borders." Every effort of the pontiff to form a regular government failed till Sept. 16, when a new ministry was announced under the leadership of Eossi. At Bologna and in the provinces the name of the new premier was hailed with favor ; but in Rome nothing could reconcile the clubs to a representative of con- stitutional monarchy and the advocate of a confederated Italy. Nevertheless, trusting to his own conscientious determination to pro- mote rational liberty and all true progress, Rossi, who enjoyed the pope's entire con- fidence, set about establishing telegraph lines and railroads. He also encouraged Gioberti to make one final effort for the realization of a confederated Italy, and Antonio Rosmini was sent from Turin to Rome for this purpose. This negotiation, though broken up by the Piedmontese cabinet, caused the death of Rossi. The Roman parliament was to be reopened on Nov. 15 ; but the day before an 'assassin was chosen in the clubs to deal him his deathblow at the very door of the assembly room. On the 14th also Sterbini wrote in the Contempo- raneo : " Rossi is commissioned to make the experiment in Rome of the Metternichs and the Guizots. . . . Amid the laughter and con- tempt of the people he will fall." On the 15th Rossi was assassinated at the door of the council chamber ; the next day the populace, the civic guard, the gendarmerie, the troops of the line, and the Roman legion besieged the Quirinal and forced the pope, whose secretary Monsignore Palma was shot down by his side, to accept a radical ministry ; and on the 24th, having meanwhile remained a prisoner in his own palace, with no control over the civil ad- ministration and little or none over ecclesi- astical affairs, he escaped, disguised as a simple priest, in the carriage of the Bavarian minister, Count Spaur, to Gaeta. Here he was received with great honor. King Ferdinand and his queen immediately sailed from Naples to meet him, and persuaded him to abandon his original purpose of accepting the hospitality of Spain. Declarations of attachment and sympathy, and presents of money, were poured upon him from all quarters of the world. He imme- diately issued a protest against the acts of the revolutionary government, and in February, 1849, called upon the Catholic powers, particu- larly France, Spain, Austria, and Naples, for armed assistance. On Feb. 19 the Roman con- stituent assembly declared the inauguration of a republic and the deposition of the pope from his temporal authority. On April 25 a French force landed at Civita Vecchia and marched upon Rome, while the Austrians invaded the northern and the Spaniards the southern prov- inces. Rome capitulated July 1, and the gov- ernment was intrusted to a papal commission, a consulate of state, a consulta for finances, and provincial councils. The pope reentered Rome April 12, 1850. He declared a par- tial amnesty, but his progressive tendencies had been thoroughly checked, and the reac- tionary policy of Cardinal Antonelli, his sec- retary for foreign affairs, became dominant in his council. On Sept. 24 he published a brief restoring the Roman Catholic hierarchy in England, which provoked a violent outburst of popular feeling, and led to an act of parlia- ment forbidding the Catholic bishops to as- sume their titles. In 1854 he invited the bish- ops from all parts of Christendom to meet at Rome, and with their consent formally defined the doctrine of the immaculate conception to be a dogma of the Catholic faith. The cere- mony took place in St. Peter's, Dec. 8. Other important acts of his pontificate have been the conclusion of concordats with Spain (1851), Baden (1854), and Austria (1855), all of which have since been revoked or annul- led, and the foundation at Rome of English and American colleges for students of the- ology. The pope's cherished project of an Italian confederation was revived in 1859 by the emperor Napoleon III., but Pius IX. re- fused to entertain it, unless the rights of the exiled Italian princes were acknowledged. In the mean time a revolution had commenced in the papal territories (see PAPAL STATES), and on July 12 and Dec. 7, 1859, Pius addressed notes to the diplomatic body, complaining of the part taken by Sardinia in these movements, and asking the assistance of foreign powers in behalf of his temporal authority. On Oct. 9 the Sardinian charg6 d'affaires at Rome re- ceived his passport. On Dec. 2 the pope ad- dressed a letter to Napoleon refusing to take part in the proposed European congress un- less the emperor recognized the integrity of the Papal States as defined by the treaties of 1815. Napoleon replied by advising the sur- render of the Romagna as the only possible solution of the Italian question, and the pope published, Jan. 19, 1860, an encyclical letter explaining his reasons for rejecting' the em- peror's advice. This was followed on March 26 by a bull of excommunication against all persons concerned in the invasion and dis- memberment of his dominions, which was pub- lished with the usual formalities on the 29th. The events which have gradually deprived Pius IX. of all his territory are mentioned in the articles ITALY and PAPAL STATES. Among the ecclesiastical acts and events which distinguish the reign of Pius IX., besides those already mentioned, are, in chronological order : his re- form of the great religious bodies, begun by the encyclical letter of June 17, 1847, carried on by the appointment of a commission to in-