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 PIUS (POPES) 559 through the influence of St. Charles Borromeo. Early in that year he sent to Malta 3,000 men with a subsidy of 15,000 gold crowns, and ap- pealed to France for more effective aid. He displayed untiring zeal and inflexible rigor in preventing the spread of heterodox opinions, and in enforcing the canons of reformation promulgated at Trent. He condemned the opinions of Baius of Louvain in 1567 ; re- published the bull In ecena Domini in 1568; expelled the Jews from all the papal territory except Rome and Ancona in 1569; and des- patched legates to every country in Europe to counteract the influence of the reformation. He enforced the rules and sentences of the inquisition throughout Italy; suppressed bull fights in Rome ; compelled courtesans to leave the city ; stopped the sale of indulgences ; con- fined bishops and priests to strict residence ; and allowed the cardinals to be sued for debt in the ordinary courts. The order of Umi- liati, having become utterly degenerate, was suppressed. He sent the cardinal de Santa Croce and St. Francis Borgia to the courts of Spain and France to urge the formation of a league against the Turks, succeeded in uniting for this purpose the governments of Venice and Madrid, and with their fleets and his own contingent gained the victory of Lepanto, Oct. 7, 1571. He excommunicated Queen Elizabeth in 1570, and advised Philip II. to unite with the Roman Catholic party in England for her overthrow and the enthronement of Mary Stuart ; and he has been charged with having commissioned an assassin to take her life. (See RIDOLFI, ROBEKTO.) Pius V., who was as severe toward himself as toward others, was beatified by Clement X., May 1, 1672, and canonized by Clement XI., May 24, 1712. His feast is celebrated on May 5. His letters were published at Antwerp in 1640. See also Aga- tio di Somma, Vita di Pio Quinto (French translation, Paris, 1672); J. B. Feuillet, Vie du bienkeurevx pape Pie V. (1674) ; and Falloux, Histoire de Saint Pie V. (2 vols., 1844; 3d ed., 1859). V. Pins VI. (GIANANGELO BRASCHI), born in Cesena, Dec. 27, 1717, died in Valence, in Dauphiny, Aug. 29, 1799. He studied un- der the Jesuits at Cesena, obtained his degree of doctor of civil and canon law in 1735, be- came secretary of Cardinal Ruffo, governor of Ferrara, in 1739, and was ecclesiastical judge of the united dioceses of Ostia and Velletri from 1740 to 1753. Having saved the archives of the chancery of Velletri during an incursion of Austrian troops in 1744, he gained the favor of King Charles of Naples, soon afterward settled some serious difficulty between that prince and the court of Rome, and was made a canon of St. Peter's and chaplain to the pope. He occupied various important offices till he was created cardinal in 1773, and elected pope, Feb. 15, 1775. He applied himself at once to the work of reform in both church and state, but met with great opposition, especially from Leopold I., grand duke of Tuscany, with whom he had a serious dispute in 1777. In 1782 he went to Vienna to oppose the measures of Joseph II. against ecclesiastical authority in Austria, but failed of his object. The Jan- senist synod of Pistoja, convened by Bishop Ricci in 1786, revived the disputes with Leo- pold ; but on the accession of the grand duke to the imperial crown after the death of his brother Joseph II. (1790) a complete recon- ciliation was effected, both with Tuscany and Austria. Pius had effected many reforms in the financial administration of the Papal States, and published laws favorable to the progress of agriculture and home industry. He approved a plan submitted to him by Bo- lognini for draining the Pontine marshes, and, though thwarted in his designs, reclaimed up- ward of 12,000 acres. He also opened the Ap- pian way as far as Terracina, founded several charitable institutions, opened asylums for des- titute young women, and organized a system of elementary free schools. But all his plans for the good of his people and the reform of church discipline were upset by the French revolution. The property of the church in France was confiscated, and priests who refused to subscribe to the " civil constitution of the clergy " were banished or put to death. "While condemning these violent proceedings, Pius VI. refused to join the coalition of European states against France ; but the assassination in Rome, Jan. 13, 1793, of Basseville, a French emissary, ultimately led to the invasion of the papal ter- ritories by Bonaparte in 1796. By the treaty of Tolentino, Feb. 19, 1797, Pius was forced to surrender Avignon and the Venaissin, and the legations of Ferrara, Bologna, and the Ro- magna, to pay an indemnity of 31,000,000 francs, and to give up to the French some of the finest works of art in Rome. The ful- filment of these conditions brought the pope to the verge of ruin. The French stirred up revolutionary movements in Rome, and in an attempt to suppress them Gen. Duphot, an attache of the French embassy, was killed by the papal troops, Dec. 28. On Feb. 10, 1798, Gen. Berthier entered Rome without opposition, and on the 15th declared a republic. On the 20th, having been allowed two days for preparation, the pope was escorted by a strong detachment of cavalry along the road to Florence. In the following year the French, having taken pos- session of Tuscany, ordered him to be removed to Grenoble, where he was kept for 25 days in close confinement. The victories of Suvaroff alarming the directory for the security of their captive, he was then removed to Valence and imprisoned in the citadel ; and the order had been given to send him to Dijon when he died. Pius VI. was graceful in person, affable, ac- complished, fond of learning and the arts, and by no means ignorant how to govern well. He enlarged the Vatican museum, caused the publication of the splendid series of engravings known as the museo Pio Clementina, adorned Rome with fountains and fine buildings, and