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 558 PIUS (POPES) for the faith, while others contend that he suffered death for it. His feast is celebrated on July 11. H. Pins II. (/ENEAS SYLVIUS Pic- OOLOMINI), born at Corsignano near Siena, Oct. 18, 1405, died in Ancona, Aug. 14, 1464. He was destined for the legal profession, but de- voted himself to the ancient classics, many of whose works he transcribed himself. In 1431 he accompanied Cardinal Capranica as secre- tary to the council of Basel, where he as well as the cardinal sided at first with the oppo- nents of Eugenius IV., being allowed, togeth- er with other laymen, the right of speaking and voting in the deliberations. He was at this time an earnest advocate of the suprem- acy of the council, maintaining that the pope " ought rather to be considered as the vicar of the church than as the vicar of Christ." He became secretary to the antipope Felix V., and was sent by him as ambassador to the emperor Frederick III. The latter was much pleased with Sylvius, offered him the post of imperial secretary, and sent him on many missions. He wrote several works in support of his master's prerogative. He was subse- quently sent on a mission to Pope Eugenius ; the pope forgave him and appointed him apos- tolic secretary. He then gave up the German employment, and was henceforth an ardent ultramontane. Nicholas V. made him bishop of Trieste in 1447, and afterward of Siena, and sent him as papal nuncio into Germany and Bohemia, where he had conferences with the Hussites, which he relates in his epistles. He recommended mild measures to reclaim the stray sheep of Bohemia, and wrote a work on the history of that country and the Hussites, in which the doctrines of the latter are set down without exaggeration. He relates the burning of John Huss and Jerome of Prague, and speaks of their fortitude as exceeding that of any of the philosophers of antiquity. In 1452 he delivered an oration in the presence of the pope, the emperor, and other German
 * and Italian princes, and the ambassadors of

other European courts, exhorting them to ject, though Constantinople fell in the follow- ing year, he devoted the rest of his life. Ca- Jixtus III. made him a cardinal, and at the death of that pontiff in August, 1458, he be- came pope. The main efforts of his pontificate were directed toward forming a confederacy among the Christian princes for the common defence of Christendom. The Italian states were willing to join him, but France and Ger- many kept aloof. By a bull addressed to the universities of Paris and Cologne, Pius con- demned his own writings in defence of the council of Basel, concluding with these memo- rable words : " Believe what I, an old man, now say to you, and not what I wrote when I was young ; believe the pontiff rather than the private individual ; reject ^Eneas Sylvius, and accept Bins II." In 1464 an armament against the Turks was directed to assemble at An- cona. Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, had pledged themselves to join it. The Venetians had promised a large fleet. Pius II. set out from Rome to give the expedition his blessing, but found it utterly unprepared, only a few gal- leys having made their appearance. This lapse from duty on the part of the European princes and republics broke his heart. An incom- plete edition of his works was published at Basel (fol., 1551 and 1571) ; his historical and geographical works were published at Helm- stedt in 1699 and 1707. See Helwing, De P'd II. Rebus Gestis (4to, Berlin, 1825), and Voigt, JEnea* Piccolomini (Berlin, 1859). III. Pins IV. (GIANANGELO DE' MEDICI), born in Milan, March 31, 1499, died in Rome, Dec. 9, 1565. He was held in high favor by several popes, and em- ployed by Paul III. and Julius III. in the most important functions. He was created cardi- nal in 1549, and succeeded Paul IV., Dec. 26, 1559. He immediately caused the arrest of Cardinals Alfonso and Carlo Caraffa, nephews of his predecessor, and had them tried by a commission. Carlo was found guilty and exe- cuted, March 3, 1561; Alfonso, convicted of minor misdemeanors, was released on payment of a heavy fine. Their brother Giovanni, duke of Pagliano, and several nobles, were con- victed of other crimes and beheaded. These sentences were reversed under Pius V. Pius IV. reassembled the council of Trent in 1560, and confirmed its acts, Jan. 26, 1564. He bestowed new privileges on the knights of Malta, restored the military order of St. Laza- rus, and founded with Cosmo de' Medici that of St. Stephen. On Nov. 13, 1564, he pub- lished the " Confession of Faith " called by his name ; and on Nov. 27, in a con sisto rial allocu- tion, he censured the extravagance of the car- dinals, forbade their using coaches, and with- drew from their residences the right of asy- lum. In 1565 he defeated a conspiracy against his person. He died hated by the Romans on account of his severity and exactions ; but he enriched Rome with many religious and liter- ary establishments. IV. Pins V., Saint (MicHELE GHISLIERI), born at Bosco, near Allessandria, Jan. 17, 1504, died in Rome, May 1, 1572. He became a novice in the Dominican order at 14, graduated in theology and canon law at Bo- logna, received priest's orders at Genoa, taught theology at Pavia from 1527 to 1543. In the latter year he was chosen prior of th< convent of Vigevano ; he governed afterwi the convents of Soncino and Alba, was sent Como, Bergamo, and the Valtellina as inquisitor in 1550, to oppose the spread of the reforme " doctrines, and in 1551 was called to Rom( and appointed commissary general of the holj office. He was made bishop of Sutri and Nej in 1556, cardinal in 1557, and supreme inquisi- tor soon afterward. During this period he is mentioned in history as Cardinal Alessandrino. In 1560 he was appointed bishop of Mondo- vi, and on Jan. 7, 1566, became pope mainly
 * new efforts against the Turks, to which ob-