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 PAPAL STATES Vecchia, and by July 1 the French were com- j plete masters of the city ; but the pontiff did not return to his capital until April, 1850. ! Supported by the French army of occupation and by the Austrians who held the Romagna, ! the government maintained tranquillity till : 1859, when the withdrawal of the Austrian j garrison from Bologna, June 12, subsequent to the defeat of the Austrians at Magenta, was the signal for a peaceful revolt of the whole Romagna, and the organization of a provisional government, which offered the dictatorship to the king of Sardinia, who in March, 1860, for- mally declared them annexed to the Sardinian monarchy in accordance with a vote of the inhabitants. They now constitute, with Par- ma and Modena, the division Emilia, so called j from the ancient Via ^Emilia, which traversed them. The pope enlisted a considerable force of foreign troops, and offered the command of his army to the French general Lamoriciere, who accepted the post in April. Early in September, following close upon the successes of Garibaldi in Sicily and Naples, revolt broke out in Umbria and the Marches, and the insur- gents on the llth placed themselves under the protection of Victor Emanuel. Accordingly a Sardinian force under Gen. Fanti took posses- j sion of Perugia and Spoleto, while Cialdini with I 50,000 men made himself master of Pesaro and | Urbino, and defeated Lamoricidre at Castel Fi- j dardo (Sept. 18). After a short siege Ancona { capitulated Sept. 29, Lamoriciere and the troops j then with him becoming prisoners of war. In November a vote of the population of the re- volted provinces was taken on the subject of annexation to Sardinia, and resulted in an over- whelming majority in favor of that measure. The proclamation of Victor Emanuel as king of Italy by the parliament of Turin, Feb. 26, 1861, was followed on March 27 by a reso- lution affirmative of Cavour's declaration that j it was essential to Italian unity that Rome should become the capital of Italy. The pon- tifical government vainly protested in April j against the title of king of Italy assumed by Victor Emanuel ; he was recognized as such by the great powers, and it now became the fixed purpose of the Italian patriots to ob- tain the withdrawal of the French troops from | Rome and to annex that city and its territory j to the new kingdom. A proclamation was I issued by Garibaldi in August, 1862, and an | expedition which he made to Calabria toward ! the end of that month to organize a general rising against the French in Rome and the temporal sovereignty of the pope, was defeat- ed by the Italian government. The king and his ministers from that moment entered into more active negotiations with France lor the i withdrawal of the French flag from Italian territory, while the pope by allocutions and 'icals appealed to the conservative sense of Christendom. On Sept. 15, 1864, a treaty '>ncluded with Napoleon III., stipulating for the evacuation of Rome by the French within two years. Florence became the seat of the Italian government in May, 1865. A special envoy sent by the king to the pope in April, and again in June, failed to effect either a reconciliation or a compromise; the pope feeling bound to fulfil the oath made at his coronation of preserving his temporalities in their entirety, and securing thereby the inde- pendence of his spiritual government. The lib- eration of Venetia by the war against Austria, in alliance with Prussia (June and July, 1866), almost completed the unity of Italy. On Oct. 29 the pope issued a solemn protest against the aggressions of the Italian government. The French army began to leave the Roman terri- tory on Dec. 2, a small garrison being left at Rome and Civita Vecchia till such time as the holy see could recruit a sufficient volunteer force of Italians and foreigners to hold the few remaining fortresses. The advance of Gari- baldi in October, 1867, was counteracted by the Italian ministry, and a French contingent was sent to Rome for the defence of the papal territory. But the defeat of Garibaldi at Men- tana on Nov. 3 only increased the agitation and fury against the foreigners, the flame be- ing fanned by the presence and publications of Mazzini. At length, after the withdrawal of the last French soldier, Aug. 21, 1870, in con- sequence of the French reverses in the Ger- man war, Victor Emanuel wrote to Pius IX. declaring that the occupation of Rome by Ital- ian troops had become an imperative necessity. This event took place on Sept. 20, the pontifical garrison making but a brief resistance. The great powers were notified of it on Oct. 18 ; in December the Italian chambers at Florence de- clared Rome the capital of Italy, and on May 13, 1871, passed a law known as ''the bill of the papal guarantees." By this law the pope is permitted to enjoy the rank of a sovereign, and occupy the palace and basilica of the Vati- can, with a yearly revenue from the Italian treasury of $625,000. All church property in Rome and its immediate territory became the property of the nation in 1873, and a large portion of the numerous establishments have since been sold to help pay the heavy pub- lic debt. This complete change was vigorous- ly resisted by Pius IX. Refusing to accept any portion of the revenue assigned to him, he continues to depend for his support and that of his court on gifts collected for him among Roman Catholics everywhere. With the ex- ception of a mutual understanding between the Vatican and the royal court established in the Quirinal, for the appointment of bishops to the vacant sees in Italy, no direct intercourse had taken place between the pope and the Italian government up to April, 1875. See Calindri, Sdggio geografico, statistico e storico dello State Pontificio (Perugia, 1829) ; Sugen- heim, Oeschichte der EntsteJiung und Aitsbil- dung des Kirchenstaats (Leipsic, 1855); and Cardinal Manning, " Temporal Power of the Pope " (London, 1874).