Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/50

 PAOLO PAPAL STATES manufactures, and commerce, instituted a na- tional printing press, and opened a university at Corte. In 1765 he was visited by Boswell, whose journal, published in 1768, contributed much to Paoli's European reputation. In 1767 he again repelled the Genoese, and captured the island of Capraja. The Genoese then sold their right to the French, and another and more terrible conflict began. At first Paoli checked the advance of the invaders under Marboenf and Chauvelin, and routed them at San Nicolao and at Borgo, forcing them to seek refuge within the walls of Bastia. But in 1769 an army of 22,000 men, under the count de Vaux, landed in the island, and soon com- pletely subdued it. Paoli went to Holland, and finally to England, where he received a pension of 1,200. and lived for 20 years. The constituent assembly of France having allowed the Oorsican exiles to return home, Paoli went to Paris, and was made a lieuten- ant general and military governor of Corsica. When the island was formed into a depart- ment, he became president of the administra- tion and commander of the national guard. But the lawless and sanguinary proceedings of the convention soon estranged him; and, assisted by Great Britain, he organized a re- volt, and was elected in June, 1793, generalis- simo and president of a consulta which met at Oorte. The French garrisons were driven from the island; English troops were landed there, and George III. was proclaimed " king of Corsica," but Paoli was treated with neg- lect. In 1795 he removed to England, and in the following year the island was perma- nently annexed to France. His biography has been written by Arrighi (2 vols., Paris, 1843), by Klose (Brunswick, 1853), and by Bartoli (Ajaccio, 1867). He bequeathed a large part of his fortune to establish schools in Corsica. II. Clemente, a Corsican patriot, elder brother of the preceding, born at Rostino in 1715, died there in 1793. During his exile he be- came a Franciscan friar. He accompanied his brother in 1755 to Corsica, was a prominent leader in the war of independence against the Genoese and French, and greatly distinguished himself in the battle of Borgo. After the bat- tle of Ponte Nuovo he retired to a convent near Vallombrosa, and there remained 20 years, returning to Corsica an old man. PAOLO, Fra, or Paolo Sarpi. See SARPI. PAOLO VERONESE. See CAGLIARI, PAOLO. PAPA, a town of S. "W. Hungary, in the coun- ty and 26 m. N. W. of the city of Veszprem, from which it is separated by the principal range of the Bakony; pop. in 1870, 14,223, chiefly Magyars. It is on a small affluent of the river Marczal, and contains a castle belong- ing to the family of the Esterhazys, several churches, synagogues, convents, and hospitals, a Catholic and a Reformed gymnasium, and other institutions of learning. The neighbor- ing country produces wine. Cloth, paper, and stone ware are manufactured. PAPACY. See POPE, and PAPAL STATES. PAPAGOS, a tribe of Indians in Arizona, be- longing to the Pima family, and calling them- selves Papapootarn. They were enemies of the Apaches and friendly to the Spaniards from an early period, and Jesuit missions were estab- lished among them; but the tyranny of the whites led to several revolts of the Papagos and other tribes. They drove the Spaniards out in 1694, but made peace soon after. On the suppression of the Jesuits the Franciscans continued their work, and the mission has lasted to the present time, the tribe being Catholic. The Mexican revolutions left the frontier exposed, and the Papagos lost heavily in war with the Apaches. They had become partly civilized. When Arizona was annexed to the United States, the Papagos were really Mexican citizens, but their status as such has not been recognized, and no treaty was made with them for their territory. Settlers entered it, and the very sites of their towns were open to preemption. They were industrious and friendly, cultivating their small farms and working for the settlers, whose esteem they soon gained. After a time an agency was estab- lished for them, and was assigned to the Cath- olic church, which had been laboring among them since 1689. President Grant, by execu- tive order of July 1, 1874, set apart a reser- vation of 70,400 acres for them, on the river Santa Cruz, between Tucson and Tubac, but their individual rights are not recognized. They have made peace with the Apaches, and in 1874 numbered 5,000 in 800 houses, had 89 children at school under Sisters of St. Joseph, and possessed 200 horses and 500 cattle. PAPAL STATES, or States of the Church, the name formerly given to a territory of central Italy subject to the pope. In 1859, before the an- nexation of most of the territory to the domin- ions of Victor Emanuel, it extended from lat. 41 15' to 45 N., and from Ion. 11 25' to 13 55' E., and was bounded N". by Venetia, E. by the Adriatic, S. and S. E. by the former king- dom of Naples, S. W. by the Mediterranean, and W. and K W. by Tuscany and Modena. It was 260 m. long from the mouth of the Po to Monte Circello, and 136 m. broad from An- cona to Civita~ Vecchia; area, about 16,000 sq. m. ; pop. 3,000,000. It was divided into a comarca, including Rome and the Agro Ro- mano, governed by a cardinal president, six legations governed each by a cardinal legate, and 13 delegations placed under inferior pre- lates. Of these the legations of Ferrara, Bo- logna, Ravenna, and Forli constituted the dis- trict of Romagna ; Spoleto and Perugia formed that of Umbria ; while Pesaro, TJrbino, Anco- na, Macerata, Fermo, and Ascoli were called the Marches (It. marca, an old term denoting a frontier territory governed by a marquis). The principal cities were Rome, Bologna, Ancona, Ferrara, Ravenna, Sinigaglia, Faenza, Jesi, Pe- rugia, Benevento, Pesaro, Macerata, Rimini, Fano, Forli, and Fermo. In 1859 the Roma-