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 4T6 PHRENOLOGY PHRYGIA system ; 80, calculation cognizance of numbers, and their obvious relations; 81, locality cognizance of place, and of situation ; 32, eventuality cognizance of events, occur- rences, or facts; 33, time cognizance of succession and duration ; 34, tune cognizance of melody and harmony ; 35. language cognizance and use of all signs of thought and feeling, words included, power of expression. (2.) KEFLEOTIVE GROUP : 36, causality cognizance of depen- dence, and of efficiency, or the relation of effect to cause ; 87, comparison cognizance of resemblances, of identity and difference, discrimination, power of analysis and of criticism; C, human n'ature discernment of character and motive ; D, agreeableness suavity, ability to conform, and to be in sympathy with those about one. Dr. J. R. Buchanan has taught since 1842 the doctrine contained in his " System of Anthro- pology " (Cincinnati, 1854), which departs in many particulars from the received system ; especially in greatly increasing the number of faculties by subdividing the brain, and in rec- ognizing and claiming to localize, by the aid of certain assumed principles of impressibility, and chiefly in the under surfaces of the brain, faculties antagonistic to nearly or quite all those which may be termed the useful or no- ble ; thus admitting regions of vice and crime, as well as of virtue and excellence. Dr. Carus of Dresden published a "New Oranioscopy" (Stuttgart, 1841), in which he divides the brain into a small number of regions, rather than into organs. Among those in the United States who have become known for the advocacy or the popularizing of phrenological principles, should also be mentioned Mr. J. S. Grimes, and Mr. Nelson Sizer, since 18i9 connected with the Fowlers and S. R. Wells as a practical ex- aminer, and contributor to the " Phrenological Journal," who has also written several works on the subject. Confirmation of the Gallian system has been sought in the examination of crania of noted characters and of criminals, as well as of the skulls of animals ; and exten- sive collections of these and other specimens have been made. That of Dr. Gall contained of human crania, &c., 354; the Edinburgh mu- seum has 463 natural specimens, and 380 arti- ficial, the former including crania of various nations. Mr. Deville of London accumulated 5,450 pieces, 2,450 human specimens and 3,000 crania of animals; among the former were many of persons of peculiar character. (Edin- burgh "Phrenological Journal," vol. xiv., p. 32.) The remark last made applies also to the collection of the late firm of Fowler and "Wells of New York, numbering about 4,000 pieces, including about 300 human skulls, 200 of ani- mals, 500 casts or busts, and 3,000 portraits and drawings. Dr. Vimont of Paris accom- panied his memoir for the French institute (1827), among other specimens, with 2,500 crania of animals, of 1,500 of which he had studied the habits. Dr. S. G. Morton of Phila- delphia had collected in 1841 more than 1,000 crania, more than half of which were human, of many nations. Prof. Ferrier of King's col- lege, London, has recently (1873) made some brilliant experiments upon the brains of cats, dogs, and other animals. The animal is put under the influence of chloroform, the skull is removed, and the brain exposed. He then ap- plies the point of an electrode to the convolu- tions of the brain. Its effect is to excite the functional activity of that part, and thereby to show what its real work is. It is supposed that this discovery will effect a revolution in the old physiology of the brain, and that the announcements of Gall and Spurzheim as to the functions of special parts of the brain may be verified. One of the chief results obtained by Dr. Ferrier is the belief that each convolu- tion is a separate organ, although occasionally several may be conjoined for common work. He also finds that the great motion centres are situated in the front part of the brain. The result demonstrates that the nerves moving the muscles of the jaw are just above the ear, where the phrenologists place gustativeness. The royal society has voted a grant to Dr. Ferrier to carry out his experiments on mon- keys. See Spurzheim, "The Physiognomical System of D. Gall and Spurzheim " (London, 1815), " Outlines of the Physiognomical Sys- tem" (1815), and "View of the Elementary Principles of Education" (Edinburgh, 1821); Gall, Anatomie et pJiysiologie du systeme ner- veux (2d ed., 6 vols., Paris, 1822-'5) ; George Combe, "Elements of Phrenology" (Boston, 1835), and "Lectures on Phrenology" (1836); O. S. Fowler, "Memory and Intellectual Im- provement" (New York, 1841), "Hereditary Descent" (1843), and "Practical Phrenology" (1846); Laycock, "Mind and Brain" (2 vols., Edinburgh, 1860); Alexander Bain, "On the Study of Character, including an Estimate of Phrenology" (1861); and S. R. Wells, "Wed- lock, or the Right Relation of the Sexes" (New York, 1869). _ PHRYGIA, in ancient geography, a division of Asia Minor, whose boundaries varied ma terially at different periods. It was situated west of the river Halys, and surrounded by Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Lycia, Caria, Lydia, and Mysia. It was also called Greater Phrygia to distinguish it from a territory S. of the Propontis in later times included in Mysia, which was known as Lesser Phrygia. After the invasion of the Gauls in the 3d century B. C., its northeastern portion "formed the main part of Gallo-Grae- cia or Galatia. (See GALATIA.) In the early Roman period there was no special province of Phrygia, but the territory at different times was variously apportioned to other provinces. The bulk of it was included in the kingdom of Pergamus, and subsequently in the prov- ince of Asia. In the 4th century A. D. the Romans added the southern portion of Phry- gia, snrnamed Parorius, to the province of Pi- sidia, another district to Caria, and formed of the remaining portions two provinces, calling the eastern Phrygia Salutaris and the western Phrygia Pacatiana. Most of the larger cities were in the southwest ; the most important were CelaeneB, at the source of the Mseander ; Apamea Cibotus, founded by Antiochus Soter ;