Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/477

 PHONOGRAPHY < spray, sabre, C _L_ succor, / stager, puns, J- dunces, ^, against, Y punster. Jt is the practice of all experienced phonogra- phers to omit generally the signs of the vowels in writing, it being found that with the aid of the context no trouble is found in readily read- ing the unvocalized consonant outlines or skele- tons of words. This legibility comes partly from the fact that, as the vowels form no part of the outline, their omission does not change the general appearance of the word. See the following illustrations : X, or %, J_ or J__ ^, or ^^ ' ^ or S suppose, desk, under, raised. The writing of word outlines in the first, second, or third position (viz., above the line, on the line, or under or through the line), according as the accented vowels are first, second, or third place, is of great importance in its effect upon the reading of unvocalized phonography. The following are illustrative of this fact : by,. - be, ^ my, me, ..^-. fall, PHOSPHORESCENCE 461 -- feel, as, s, an, the. The dotted line running across or near some of these characters, and some of the other charac- ters in this article, represents the line or ruling of writing paper. Both the brevity and legi- bility of phonography are greatly promoted by the use of phrase writing, that is, by joining or embracing two or more words in one outline. The following phrase signs will serve to illus- trate this : ^ has not, .^ as if, (* as well as, as is, -Q- is as, &_ has there, ^ as there is, 3 unless there, ^ cannot, --j- did not, or an, ..(T.. will there, ^ on this. Phonography is generally employed by re- porters in this country and in Great Britain, and is also used by professional men. Since 1871 it has formed one of the regular branches of study in the college of the city of New York. The following is a complete list of phonographic text books published in America, with the dates of their first issue : " The Com- plete Phonographic Class Book," by S. P. An- drews and A. F. Boyle (1847) ; "The Phono- graphic Instructor," by James C. Booth (1850) ; The American Manual of Phonography," by Elias Longley (1851); "The Phonographic Teacher," by E. Webster (1852) ; ." The Man- ual of Phonography," by Benn Pitman (1855) ; "The Handbook of Standard Phonography," T A. J. Graham (1858) ; and " The Complete Phonographer," by James E. Munson (1866). 660 VOL. xiir. 30 MATERIALS. Resistance in Ibs. per sq. in. Point of elasticity. Elongation per cent. Phosphor bronze 81,795 54915 1-6 Krupp's cast steel, as used for guns 72258 14450 11 '0 Ordnance bronze 31,792 5,562 15-0 PHOSPHOR BRONZE, a compound formed by the addition of a small percentage of phospho- rus to gun metal (bronze containing from 90 to 91 parts of copper to 9 or 10 of tin), pos- sessing remarkable properties, in some re- spects like those conferred upon iron by carbon when made into steel. Experiments in ma- king phosphor bronze have been conducted by the Messrs. Montefiore-Levi and Kunzel, near Liege, Belgium. The addition of a little over one half per cent, of phosphorus gives the metal greater fluidity in casting, and greatly increases its strength and elasticity. In trials recently made at the royal academy of indus- try in Berlin, a bar of phosphor bronze under a constant strain of 10 tons to the square inch resisted 408,230 pulls, while a bar of ordinary bronze broke before the strain of 10 tons to the square inch had been applied. A bar of phosphor bronze under 10 tons strain resisted 862,980 bends, while the best gun metal broke after 102,650 bends. In Austria the following comparative results have been obtained : When immersed in sea water the best English copper sheets lost during six months over three per cent., while phosphor bronze sheets lost but little more than one per cent. It has been found to be superior to iron or ordinary bronze for the tuyeres of blast furnaces, and the man- ufacture of phosphor bronze has been com- menced in this country. PHOSPHORESCENCE, the property which some bodies possess of being luminous in the dark without the emission of sensible heat. Physi- cists generally recognize five kinds, designated as follows: 1, spontaneous phosphorescence; 2, phosphorescence from the effects of heat ; 3, from mechanical action ; 4, from the action of electricity ; 5, by insolation, or exposure to the light of the sun. 1. Spontaneous phospho- rescence is seen in certain vegetables and ani- mals. The flowers of certain living plants, es- pecially those of a bright yellow or red color, as the common marigold, sunflower, and ori- ental poppy, it is said, have been observed to emit flashes of faint light on fine summer even- ings a little after sunset. Some plants also give out in the dark a faint continuous light, caused probably by the oxidation of some hy- drocarbon which they secrete. The phytolacca decandra (pokeweed) gives out a greenish light in the dark. The milky juice of the cipo de cananum, a Brazilian plant, emits light for sev- eral hours after being drawn. The rhizomor- pha subterranea, which grows in mines, emits light from its whole surface, and the same phe- nomenon has been observed in other subterra- nean plants. More familiar examples of phos-