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 PHILOSOPHY PHIPS Hamilton ("Autology," 1873), James Walker, editor of Reid's works and president of Har- vard college, Laurens P. Hickok (" Rational Psychology," 1848; "Empirical Psychology," 1854; "Rational Cosmology," 1858; "Logic of Reason, Universal and Eternal," 1875), and John Fiske, " Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy " (2 vols., 1875). Of these, President Porter and President Hickok may be named among the foremost of elaborate original contribu- tors to philosophy, while Dr. Krauth, Dr. H. B. Smith, and W. T. Harris are eminent es- pecially in the critical sphere. President Por- ter in his "Human Intellect," while present- ing a critical and historical exposition of the leading systems, teaches a philosophy "pro- nounced and positive in the spiritual and the- istic direction, as contrasted with the mate- rialistic and anti-theistic tendency " of the time, and is in strong sympathy with the methods of Trendelenburg ; while President Hickok, familiar especially, among other Ger- man .systems of thought, with that of Kant, aims by his peculiar philosophy to establish certainty on inexpugnable grounds, to this end seeking to establish the coincidence of the sub- jective idea with the objective law. President McCosh, while making original contributions to a philosophy in the main coincident with that of Reid and Hamilton, is also the his- torical critic of the Scottish philosophy. The principal general histories of philosophy are : Brucker, Historia Critica Philosophies (5 vols., Leipsic, l742-'4); Tiedemann, Geist der specu- latwen Philosophie (6 vols., Marburg, 1791-'7) ; Tennemann, Geschichte der Philosophie (11 vols., Leipsic, 1798-1819; an English transla- tion of an abridged edition was made by Ar- thur Johnson, Oxford, 1832, and revised by J. D. Morell, London, 1852) ; Windischmann, Die Philosophie im Fortgang der Weltgeschichte (3 vols., Bonn, 1827-'34); Hegel, Geschichte der Philosophie (3 vols., Berlin, 1833-'6) ; Rit- ter, Geschichte der Philosophie (12 vols., Ham- burg, 1829-'53 ; partly translated by Morrison, 4 vols., London, 1838); Schwegler, Geschichte der Philosophie (Stuttgart, 1848 ; translated by Seelye, New York, 1856) ; Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus, &c. (Iserlohn, 1866; 2d ed., 1873) ; Ueberweg, Q-eschichte der Philosophie (Berlin, 1871 ; translated by Morris, 2 vols., New York, 1872) ; De Gerando, Histoire comparee des systemes de philosophic (2d ed., 4 vols., Paris, 1822-'3); Cousin, Cours de philosophic morale (1840-'41); Enfield, " History of Philosophy," derived from Brucker (2 vols., London, 1791) ; Lewes, " Biographical History of Philosophy " (London and New York, 1847; 2d ed., 1871) ; Maurice, " Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy " (2 vols., London, 1872). The best special history of occidental philosophy is by Roth, Geschichte unserer abendldndischen Philosophie (2d ed., 2 vols., Heidelberg, 1862). The principal special accounts of ancient philosophy are : Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen (Tubingen, 1844); Jules Simon, Histoire de Vecole d 1 Alexandrie (2 vols., Paris, 1844-'5); Vacherot, Histoire cri- tique de Vecole d* Alexandrie (3 vols., Paris, 1846-'51); and W. A. Butler, "Lectures on the History of Ancient Philosophy," edited by Thompson (2 vols., Cambridge, 1850 ; revised ed., 1 vol., London, 1874). Special works^on the scholastic philosophy are : Rousselot, Etu- des sur la philosophic dans le moyen age (3 vols., Paris, 1840-'42), and Haureau, De la philosophic scholastique (2 vols., Paris, 1851). The principal histories of modern philosophy are : Kuno Fischer, Geschichte der neuern Phi- losophie (3 vols., Mannheim, 1854-'60) ; K. L. Michelet, Geschichte der letzten Systeme der Philosophie in Deutschland (2 vols., Berlin, 1837- 1 8) ; Chalybaus, EntwicTcelungsgeschichte der Philosophie (translated into English, Edin- burgh, 1854) ; R6musat, De la philosophic alle- mande (Paris, 1845), and Histoire de la phi- losophic en Angleterre depuis Bacon jusqu'd, Locke (2 vols., 1875) ; Taine, Les philosophes francais au XIX* siecle (Paris, 1856 ; 2d ed., I860) ; Debrit, Histoire des doctrines philo- sophiques dans Vltalie contemporaine (Paris, 1859); and Morell, "An Historical and Criti- cal View of the Speculative Philosophy of Europe in the 19th Century" (2d ed., 2 vols., London, 1857). The most valuable cyclopaedias of philosophy are : Krug, Allgemeines Hand- worterbuch der philosophischen Wissenschaften (4 vols., Leipsic, 1827-'8) ; andFranck, Diction- naire des sciences philosophiques (6 vols., Paris, 1844-'52). The principal periodical devoted entirely to metaphysics is the Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, founded at Bonn under a slightly different title in 1837, and published at Halle since 1847. PHILOSOPHY, Moral. See MOEAL PHILOSOPHY. PfflPS, or PMpps, Sir William, governor of Massachusetts, born in Woolwich, Maine, Feb. 2, 1651, died in London, Feb. 18, 1695. He was one of 26 children by the same father and mother, 21 of whom were sons. He was at first employed as a shepherd, and at the age of 18 bound himself apprentice to a ship carpen- ter. In 1673 he removed to Boston, where he learned to read and write. In 1684 he went to England to procure means to recover a Span- ish treasure ship wrecked near the Bahamas. With a national vessel furnished him by the admiralty he did not succeed ; on a second at- tempt, in which the means were supplied by the duke of Albemarle, he recovered treasure to the amount of 300,000, of which 16,000 was given him as his share, and he was knight- ed and appointed high sheriff of New England. Disagreeing in this capacity with some other officers, he went again to England. In 1690 he commanded the fleet which captured Port Royal, and in the same year a much larger one sent against Quebec, which failed. Phips was a member of the North church of Boston, of which Cotton Mather was pastor, and was no- ted for his zeal for Puritanism ; and out of deference to the wishes of Increase Mather, the agent of Massachusetts in England, he was