Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/461

 PHILOSOPHY 447 of Paley, has written elaborately on ethics and metaphysics. The same may be said of Martineau, the leading representative of in- tuitive morality, which Lecky has ably defend- ed. Recent philosophical development in Eng- land has thus been -modified by influences quite diverse: some, represented by G. H. Lewes, physiological or scientific, cooperating to some extent with the positivism of Comte, or the speculations of Mill and Spencer ; others spirit- ualistic or religious, and represented by men like Martineau and the duke of Argyll. The first and greatest name in the history of phi- losophy in America is that of Jonathan Ed- wards. His views of the will, controversially presented in the interest of Calvinistic theolo- gy, although in a line with those of Leibnitz, closely approximated on some points to those of Anthony Collins. His theory of virtue, as love to universal being, was elaborated under the influence of Hutcheson and Turnbull. Em- inent among his followers, though somewhat modifying his views, were Stephen "West (" Es- say on Moral Agency," 1772); Samuel Hop- kins, noted for his doctrine of disinterested love; Nathanael Emmons, who made "the heart " a series of exercises of which God is the direct and efficient author (answered by Asa Burton, 1824, who argued for what is known as the "taste" scheme); and Jonathan Edwards the younger, who in answer to Sam- uel West published his essays on liberty and necessity. Enoch Pond and Samuel Spring are noted among the followers of Hopkins and Emmons, the latter of them engaging in con- troversy with David Tappan. One of the earliest opponents of Edwards in his views of the will was James Dana (1735-1812). Later critics of his theory, or advocates of counter theories, have been numerous, including H. P. Tappan (1839), Asa Mahan (1846), A. T. Bled- soe (1845), D. D. Whedon (1864), and R. G. Hazard (1864). In a line of thought mainly accordant with Edwards may be named Tim- othy Dwight, Jeremiah Day (who commented on Edwards and produced an original work on the will), and Charles Hodge. Nathanael "W. Taylor and Charles G. Finney have written largely on moral government. Toward the close of the last century Locke's philosophy, in connection to some extent with French speculation, widely prevailed in this country. Early in the present century it was displaced by Stewart's "Disquisitions" and Brown's "Lectures," and from that time the Scottish philosophy, through the publications among others of T. 0. Upham, has exerted great in- fluence upon American thought. Up to that time the philosophical questions made most prominent concerned the freedom of the will, the nature of virtue, and the moral govern- ment of God. Upham's " Elements of Mental Philosophy " (1831), including the two depart- ments of the intellect and the sensibilities, has been extensively used as a text book ; he sub- sequently became the biographer and admirer 659 VOL. xiii. 29 of Mme. Guion. The writings of Coleridge have been brought to the notice of American readers by James Marsh and "W. G. T. Shedd, and have exercised an important influence on American philosophy. President Marsh, while assailing the current philosophy of England and America, drew attention to what he proposed to substitute, the more profound spiritual phi- losophy of Coleridge, Kant, and Jacobi. At nearly the same time, following upon the influ- ence of W. E. Channing, not himself a specula- tive thinker, but a bold and eloquent asserter of the rights of reason and conscience, what has been called the transcendental school of Boston sprang into being, the leading spirits of which were R. W. Emerson, Theodore Parker, Margaret Fuller, J. F. Clarke, and George Ripley ; the last, in editing " Specimens of For- eign Standard Literature," rendered accessible select works of Cousin and Jouffroy. Identi- fied also at first with this school was Orestes A. Brownson, who conducted a review devoted to the new speculations and containing ori- ginal philosophical articles, mostly from his own pen, but who subsequently devoted him- self to the discussion of the profoundest prob- lem of ontology and psychology from the stand- point of the Roman Catholic church. C. S. Henry contributed editorially and critically to the dissemination of Cousin's views, some of whose works were translated by himself, Lin- berg, and Wight. More recently increased at- tention has been devoted to German and Scot- tish philosophy. James McCosh is a leading representative of the latter ; he is to some ex- tent a follower, but at the same time a critic of Hamilton, whose writings have been widely studied in this country. German thought has been made familiar by translations of German writers, and histories of philosophy by Schweg- ler (translated by J. H. Seelye) and Ueberweg (edited by H. B. Smith and Philip Schaff, and translated by George H. Morris, all of whom have made in critical articles independent con- tributions to philosophy). Special attention has been given to German speculation by " The Journal of Speculative Philosophy," conduct- ed for the past eight years by W. T. Harris, himself a leading contributor and an eminent Hegelian. Among original American ^ works on philosophy may be mentioned treatises on logic by W. D. Wilson (1856), Asa Mahan (1857), and H. K Day (1867); and works on psychology by F. A. Rauch (1840), S. S. Schmucker (1842), Francis Bowen ("Essays on Speculative Philosophy," 1842), Joseph Ha- ven ("Mental Philosophy," 1857), E. V. Ger- hart (" Introduction to Philosophy and Logic," 1858), J. T. Champlin ("Text Book of Intel- lectual Philosophy," 1860), Noah Porter (" Hu- man Intellect," 1868, and " Elements of Intel- lectual Science," 1871), Samuel Tyler ("Pro- gress of Philosophy," 1868), John Bascom ("Elements of Psychology," 1869), O. S. Mun- sell (" Text Book in Psychology," 1871), James McCosh (" Intuitions of the. Mind "), D. H.