Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/435

 PHILLIPS PHILLIPS. I. John, an American merchant, born in Andover, Mass., Dec. 6, 1719, died in Exeter, K H., April 21, 1795. He graduated at Harvard college, studied theology, preached for a time, and afterward engaged in mercan- tile pursuits. He endowed a professorship in Dartmouth college, contributed to Princeton college, and gave to Phillips academy at An- dover $31,000, besides a third interest in his estate. He founded Phillips academy at Exe- ter in 1781, and endowed it with $134,000. II. Samuel, jr., nephew of the preceding, born in North Andover, Mass., Feb. 7, 1751, died in Andover, Feb. 10, 1802. He graduated at Harvard college in 1771, was a member of the provincial congress, and of the constitutional convention of 1779, and state senator for 20 years, being for 15 years president of the sen- ate. He was judge of the court of common pleas, commissioner of the state in Shays's in- surrection, and lieutenant governor at the time of his death* He planned and organized Phil- lips academy at Andover, and secured endow- ments for it from his father, Samuel Phillips, a member of the governor's council, and from his uncles and cousin, and left $5,000 to the town for educational purposes. He was one of the founders of the American academy of arts and sciences of Boston. PHILLIPS, John, an English geologist, born at Marden, Wiltshire, Dec. 25, 1800, died in Ox- ford, April 24, 1874. He was the assistant of his uncle William Smith, the "father of Eng- lish geology," delivered courses of lectures in various places, was professor of geology in King's college, London, and in the university of Dublin, and in 1856 succeeded Dr. Buckland as reader in geology in the university of Ox- ford. After 1832 he arranged and edited the reports of the British association. He invent- ed a self-discharging electrophorus and a pecu- liar maximum thermometer, was engaged with Major (now Gen.) Sabine in the magnetic sur- vey of the British islands, and made special researches on the physical aspect of the sun, moon, and Mars. His most important works are: "Illustrations of the Geology of York- shire" (2 parts 4to, London, 1829-'36); a " Treatise on Geology " (2 vols. 12mo, 1837-'8 ; 2d ed., in Lardner's "Cabinet Cyclopa3dia," 1852); "Palaeozoic Fossils of Cornwall, De- von," &c. (8vo, 1841) ; and " Notices of Eocks and Fossils in the University Museum, Oxford " (8vo, 1863). To meteorology he contributed " Three Years' Observations on Bain." PHILLIPS, Watts, an English dramatist, born about 1828, died in December, 1874. He stud- ied drawing under George Cruikshank and in Paris, where he long resided. He excelled as an artist, but was chiefly known by his plays. His "Joseph Chavigny " was produced in 1856. His most popular subsequent play was " The Dead Heart." His other works include " Ca- milla's Husband," "The poor Strollers," "The Huguenot Captain," "Maud's Peril," "Lost in London," and " Amos Clarke." PHILO JUD^US 421 PHILLIPS, Wendell, an American orator, born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811. His father was John Phillips, the first mayor of Boston. Wendell graduated at Harvard college in 1831, at the law school in 1833, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. In 1836 he became a Garri- son abolitionist (see GARKISON, WILLIAM LLOYD), and in 1839 relinquished law practice from un- willingness to observe the oath of fealty to the federal constitution. His first notable speech was made in Faneuil Hall in December, 1837, in a meeting called to consider the murder of the Eev. Elijah P. Lovejoy at Alton, 111. From that time till 1861 he was a prominent leader and the most popular orator of the abolitionists. He advocated disunion as the only road to abo- lition until the opening of the civil war, after which he sustained the government for a sim- ilar reason. In 1863-'4 he advocated arming, educating, and enfranchising the f reedmen, and for the two latter purposes procured the con- tinuance of the anti-slavery society till after the adoption of the 15th amendment in 1869. In 1870 he was the temperance and labor re- form candidate for governor of Massachusetts, receiving nearly 20,000 votes. At a meeting in Faneuil Hall in January, 1875, called to de- nounce the Louisiana policy of President Grant, Mr. Phillips made a powerful speech in favor of that policy. He has long advocated woman suffrage, prohibitory liquor laws, and prison reform, and opposed capital punishment. . His financial views were set forth in a speech de- livered in Boston in March, 1875. He has delivered numerous popular lectures in most of the northern states, the more notable being those on "The Lost Arts" and "Toussaint 1'Ouverture," and funeral eulogies on Theo- dore Parker and John Brown. There is no complete edition of his speeches; several of them have been published as pamphlets and widely circulated both in the United States and in England. A partial collection has been pub- lished in Boston (8vo, 1864, and 12mo, 1869). His other writings are scattered through nu- merous periodicals and newspapers. PHILO JUDJEFS, a Jewish philosopher of Alex- andria, born probably in Egypt a few years before Christ. He was of the priestly fam- ily of Aaron, and was sent at the head of an embassy to Caligula, after the massacre of the Jews in Egypt, to defend that people against the calumnies of Apion. He lived and taught at Alexandria, enjoying great personal popu- larity, and exercising by his writings a wide influence upon the opinions of his Jewish brethren. His son married a daughter of King Agrippa. Philo belonged probably to the sect of the Pharisees, but departed widely from their methods of interpreting the Scriptures, the narratives of which he allegorized in a peculiar way. He was a Platonist, and endeav- ored to reconcile the philosophy of the Gre- cian sage with the records of the Hebrew law- giver. His purpose was to show that the Mo- saic revelation contained in germ all that was