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 PHILIPPSBURG episode of the American war of independence, entitled "The Rock of Ice." Among his sub- sequent works are "The Retreat from Mos- cow," "The Capture of Ypres," "The Death of Turenne," " Bayard at the Bridge of the Garigliano," " Louis XV. visiting the Battle Field of Fontenoy " (one of his best), " Gen- eral Gourgaud saving Napoleon's Life," " The last Banquet of the Girondists," many relating to Algerian warfare and life, and various genre pictures. In 1863 he produced pictures of the battles of "Montebello" and "Diernstein," in 1864 " The Bride of the Kettledrummer," in 1865 " The Siege of Puebla," and in 1873 epi- sodes of the Franco- German war. PHILIPPSBFRG, a town of Baden, at the con- fluence of the Salzbach with the Rhine, 15 m. N. of Carlsruhe; pop. about 2,300. It be- longed till 1803 to the bishops of Spire, and was an important fortress of the empire, its position always inviting the first attacks of the French. It was fortified at the commence- ment of the thirty years' war, and in the course of it was taken successively by the Swedes, French, and Germans, and again by the French, to whom the peace of Westphalia secured the right of garrison. It was taken by the duke of Lorraine in 1676, and confirmed to Germany by the treaty of Nimeguen. It fell into the hands of Louis XIV. in 1688, and was restored to the empire by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697. In 1734 the French again captured it, but relinquished it in 1735. They forced it to surrender in 1800, and levelled its fortifications. PHILIPPSON, Ludwig, a Jewish author, born in Dessau, Germany, Dec. 27, 1811. He was a preacher and director of a school at Magde- burg from 1833 to 1840, when he became a rabbi. He founded in 1837 Die allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums, which he still edits, though blind, and published a translation of the Old Testament, with the text and notes (2d ed., Leipsic, 1859-'62). Among his early works are Benedict Spinoza als Mensch and Wie verloren die Juden das Burgerrecht im Ost- und Westromischen ReicJie? and among his latest are Sepphoris und Rom (2 vols., Ber- lin, 1866), Die weltbewegenden Fragen in Poli- tik und Religion (2 vols., Leipsic, 1868-'9), and Die Hochschule fur die Wissenschaft des Juden- thums (Berlin, 1872). PHILIPS, Ambrose, an English poet, born about 1671, died in London, June 8, 1749. He grad- uated at Cambridge in 1696, and was one of the authors of the collection of verses pub- lished by the university on the death of Queen Mary. He also translated Sappho's " Hymn to Venus." Among his earliest poetical publica- tions are six "Pastorals," printed in Tonson's Poetical Miscellany" in 1709, the pastorals of Pope appearing in the same volume. The rivalry thus provoked led to a violent warfare between the two authors. In 1712 Philips produced "The Distressed Mother," a trage- dy founded on Racine's Andromaque. It was played with great success, and received high PHILISTINES 419 praise from the "Spectator." In 1721 he brought out two other tragedies, "The Brit- on" and "Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester." In 1718, in connection with D% Boulter, he commenced " The Freethinker," a serial pa- per, which enjoyed great popularity. When Boulter was made primate of Ireland, Philips became his secretary, and was elected to the Irish parliament. In December, 1726, he was made secretary to the Irish chancellor, and in August, 1734, registrar of the prerogative court. Some years after the death of his pa- tron he returned to London (1748), and pub- lished a collection of his poems. PHILIPS, or Phillips, John, an English poet, born at Bampton, Oxfordshire, Dec. 30, 1676, died Feb. 15, 1708. He was educated at Win- chester and at Christ Church, Oxford. In 1703 he published a mock-heroic poem entitled " The Splendid Shilling," imitating the manner of " Paradise Lost." In 1705 he composed a gratulatory poem on the battle of Blenheim. His principal work, "Cyder," in two books (1706), is an imitation of Virgil's Georgics. PHILISTINES (Heb. PelisJitim), a people which gave to the Holy Land the name of Pal- estine (from Peleslieth, the name of their own limited territory), though possessing only the portion on the S. coast bounded by the hilly regions of Dan, Ephraim, and Judah, and ex- tending S. W. to the confines of Egypt. Their origin is uncertain, but it is probable that portions of them came from lower Egypt (the " Philistines from Caphtor " of Amos and Caph- torim of Deuteronomy, according to Ebers and others). They were early settled in Pales- tine, having expelled the Avim, who occupied the same region before them. They are men- tioned in the history of Abraham, and from fear of war with them Moses did not lead the Israelites through their country, which was the most direct route. From the time the Israelites passed over into the Holy Land, they were engaged in a perpetual conflict with this warlike people, especially during the time of the later judges, Samson, Eli, and Samuel. Saul, the first Hebrew king, fell in battle against them at Gilboa. David, who had slain their giant warrior Goliath, defeated them in several battles, and to some of his successors they paid tribute; but generally they were independent and carried on war against the Hebrew monarchs. In the time of the Mac- cabees Philistia was subject to Syria, and sub- sequently it came under the power of the Ro- mans. The leading Philistine cities, in early times ruled by separate but confederated prin- ces (Heb. seranim), were Gaza, Ashdod or Azotus, Ascalon, Gath, and Ekron, which be- came rich and powerful in consequence of a large transit and maritime trade, stimulated by superior agricultural resources. The religion of the Philistines resembled that of the Phoe- nicians, their principal deities being the god- dess Derceto, who was worshipped at Ascalon, and Dagon, whose chief temples were at Gaza