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 414: PHILIP V. (SPAIN) KING PHILIP aggrandizement, was recalled to France; and Philip's success in Spain was checked, while abroad he lost Sardinia and Port Mahon in 1708. In the campaign of 1709 Tortosa, De- nia, and Alicante were taken by his troops ; but in the following year the two victories of Count Starhemberg enabled Charles III. to return to Madrid, whence Philip had again to fly. The timely arrival of Vend6me from France gave another favorable turn to affairs, and in company with that brilliant general Philip boldly advanced to the capital, expelled his competitor, and reentered it, Dec. 3, 1710. The decisive battle of Villaviciosa, fought Dec. 10, was the signal of his definite triumph. Catalonia and Aragon were subsequently re- conquered, and the archduke having in 1711 by the death of his brother become emperor, the greatest obstacle to peace was removed, the European powers being unwilling to restore the vast monarchy of Charles V., and Philip V. on his part assenting (Nov. 5, 1712) to a formal renunciation of his claims to the French succession. By the treaty of Utrecht (1713) he remained master of the kingdom of Spain, Spanish America, and other colonies ; but he had to abandon Sicily to the duke of Savoy, and the Netherlands, Milan, Naples, and Sar- dinia to the house of Austria. Opposition at home was now quelled; and a treaty being signed with Portugal in 1715, Philip was per- mitted to reign in peace for several years. The government had been heretofore mostly in the hands of the camarera mayor, the prin- cess Orsini, whom the queen had brought from France with her. This able woman had made and unmade ministers; she had assisted Orri in restoring the finances ; she had even exer- cised her influence over the operations of war. The death of the queen (1714) seemed but to add to her power, and she completely won the confidence of the king. By the advice of Alberoni, she caused Philip to marry Eliza- beth Farnese, whom she expected to govern as she had governed her predecessor ; but on her arrival Elizabeth unceremoniously banished the camarera mayor from Spain. Through Eliza- beth's influence Alberoni was appointed prime minister (171 7-' 18), and Spain seemed to be in- spired with new life. Agriculture, commerce, and the arts revived ; Sardinia and Sicily were reconquered, and Alberoni persuaded his mas- ter to undertake to restore the Stuarts in Eng- land by the assistance of Charles XII. of Sweden, to wrest the regency of France from the duke of Orleans, and to precipitate the Turks upon Austria. But, defeated in all these projects, Philip exiled the unsuccessful minister and joined the quadruple alliance, Feb. 17, 1720, giving up Sicily to Austria, while the duke of Savoy received Sardinia. He moreover, in 1721, abandoned Gibraltar and Port Mahon to the English, and by matrimonial alliances strengthened his union with France. His health had failed under his long trials; an invincible melancholy, aggravated by religious fears, preyed upon his mind ; and, in spite of his wife's remonstrances, he abdicated, Jan. 10, 1724, in favor of his eldest son Louis, and retired to the monastery of San Ildefonso. But his son dying at the end of eight months, he yielded to the entreaties of the queen and resumed the exercise of power, Sept. 6, 1724. Another change of policy now took place, and by the instigation of Ripperda, a Dutch adven- turer, who had won the queen's favor, Philip entered into an alliance with the emperor Charles VI., by the treaty of Vienna, April 30, 1725, whereby the two sovereigns guaran- teed each other's possessions, and the Spanish king promised to uphold the emperor's prag- matic sanction. The alliance proved far from advantageous. Philip made an unsuccessful attempt in 1727 to retake Gibraltar, and then becoming disgusted with Ripperda, whom he had made his prime minister, banished him from Spain, listened to proposals from Cardi- nal Fleury, sent plenipotentiaries to the con- gress at Soissons (1728), and finally signed with France and Great Britain the treaty of Seville, by which he obtained for Don Carlos, his elder son by Elizabeth, the reversion of Tus- cany, Parma, and Piacenza. He participated in the war for the succession in Poland, which broke out in 1733, and sent his son with the count of Montemar to Italy, where the latter, by his victory at Bitonto in 1734, conquered the kingdom of Naples, which was secured to the young prince by the treaty of Vienna (1738), while Tuscany was transferred to the duke of Lorraine, and Parma and Piacenza were as- signed to the emperor. A dispute with Eng- land relating to American colonial affairs end- ed in hostilities, which were still going on when the war for the succession in Austria- broke out. In this Philip V., or rather his queen Elizabeth and his second son Philip, ac- tively engaged ; and the latter was in a fair way to win a kingdom in northern Italy when the king died. Philip's reign was upon the whole favorable to Spain ; some useful reforms took place, especially in the administration of jus- tice ; the finances were managed with consid- erable regularity ; the navy was restored to a state of efficiency; industry and commerce were fostered ; and a royal library and acad- emies of languages, history, and the fine arts were established. Philip had by his first wife two sons: Louis, before mentioned, and Fer- dinand VI., his successor ; by his second wife, Don Carlos, whom he left king of Naples, Philip, who became duke of Parma in 1748, and several daughters, three of whom married respectively Joseph, king of Portugal, Louis, dauphin of France, and Victor Amadeus III. of Sardinia. PHILIP, King, sachem of Pokanoket, young- est son of Massasoit, and the successor of his brother Alexander, killed at Mount Hope, R. I., Aug. 12, 1676. His Indian name was Pome- tacom, but his father was friendly to the Eng- lish, and he received the name Philip. In 1662,