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 PHILIP V. (SPAIN) 413 ly annihilated. In 1578-'80, by the death of Dom Sebastian and of Henry the Cardinal, the throne of Portugal became vacant, and Philip, as uncle of Sebastian, claimed the crown, and sent Alva with an army to enforce his right. This was effected, and in 1581 Philip was rec- ognized by the Portuguese estates as rightful sovereign of the kingdom. After the death of Orange he bent all his energies and resources to the conquest of England. The " invincible armada," which had been long in preparation, was sent for this purpose in 1588, but was Eletely foiled, partly by the elements, and T by the English fleet. (See ARMADA.) elations of Philip with France during his long reign had been sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceful, but both his arms and his money were freely given to aid the Catholics of that kingdom against the Huguenots. He continued his hostility against Henry IV. even after that monarch had become a Catholic, and his intrigues led Henry in 1595 to declare war against him. The contest was not favorable to Spain, and in 1598 Philip was reluctantly compelled to consent to the peace of Ver- vins. In the same year a complication of dis- tressing maladies, the consequence of early de- baucheries, caused his death, in the palace of the Escurial, which he had himself built, and which still remains the most magnificent mon- ument of his power and wealth. One of the strangest transactions of Philip's reign was his treatment of his eldest son Don Carlos. (See CARLOS, DON, I.) Within three months after the death of Carlos his stepmother Queen Isa- bella died, it was reported at the time by poi- son administered by Philip's order. This ac- cusation has been refuted by recent researches, and it is now known that she died in giving birth to a daughter who did not survive her, and was buried in the same coffin. The queen died in 1568, and in 15TO Philip married as his fourth wife the archduchess Anne of Austria, daughter of the German emperor Maximilian II., who became the mother of his successor Philip III. See Prescott's " History of Philip II." (3 vols., 1856-'9; new ed., 1874), and Motley's "Rise of the Dutch Republic" (3 vols., 1856), and "History of the United Neth- erlands" (4 vols., 1860-'67). PHILIP V., the first king of Spain of the house of Bourbon, born in Versailles, Dec. 19, 1683, died in Madrid, July 9, 1746. The sec- ond son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis XIV., by Maria Anna of Bavaria, and a pupil of Fenelon, he was known as duke of Anjou until by the will of Charles II., who died child- less, Nov. 1, 1700, he was called to the throne of Spain. (See CHARLES VI. of Germany.) Within a few weeks he was declared king at Fontainebleau by Louis XIV., and proclaimed at Madrid. His arrival in the peninsula was hailed with lively manifestations of popular satisfaction, while his power was acknowledg- ed in Naples, Milan, the Netherlands, and the colonies. No opposition was offered to his accession by any European power except the house of Austria and the empire, who protest- ed against the will of Charles II., and pre- pared for war. Philip nevertheless seemed to be firmly established, winning the favor of his subjects by attention to his duties, curtailment of useless offices, reform of abuses, and person- al affability. But the rashness of Louis XIV., who, in contravention of express stipulations, endeavored to secure to his grandson the right of succession to the crown of France, alarmed Europe. A league between Austria, Holland, Great Britain, the empire, and Prussia was formed against France and Spain, to uphold the claims of the archduke Charles to the Spanish crown. The only allies of Philip V. at the opening of the contest, besides Louis XIV., were his uncle the elector of Bavaria, the duke of Savoy, whose daughter Louisa Maria Gabriella he had married, and the king of Portugal-; but the last two were soon de- tached from his alliance by promises of terri- tory, and finally joined the adverse coalition. The war opened in 1701 in Italy, where Prince Eugene at the head of Austrian troops gain- ed the victories of Carpi and Chiari. Philip went to Italy and shared in Vendome's and Eugene's drawn battle of Luzzara, Aug. 15, 1702, but was obliged to return in haste to Spain, which was attacked by the combined troops of Great Britain and Holland. The archduke landed in Portugal in 1704 ; and the king, marching against him, defeated the Por- tuguese on the frontiers, but was unable to retake Gibraltar, which had been captured by Admiral Rooke. During 1705 Valencia, Catalo- nia, and Aragon acknowledged Charles, whom Philip unsuccessfully besieged in Barcelona. The disorganization of his army obliged him to retreat to Perpignan, but he soon reentered Spain, and through Navarre and Castile re- turned to Madrid, where his presence was sore- ly needed. Scarcely had he reached the capi- tal, however, when the approach of Lord Gal- way and the marquis of Las Minas forced him to retreat to Burgos, accompanied by a small band of faithful adherents; while the archduke, under protection of the English and the Portuguese, was proclaimed king with the title of Charles III. Philip's affairs were now so desperate (Louis XIV.'s armies being about the same time beaten by Marlborough in the Low Countries and by Eugene in Italy), that he was advised to emigrate to his American dominions; but, encouraged by his wife and the princess Orsini (des Ursins), he refused to abandon the field, and rejected overtures of peace. Supported by Marshal Berwick, whose skill and valor retrieved his fortunes, he reentered Madrid, and was reinstated on the throne by Berwick's brilliant victory at Almanza, April 25, 1707. The successful op- erations of the duke of Orleans in Valencia, Aragon, and Catalonia consolidated his pow- er; but that commander, being charged by the princess Orsini with views of personal