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 406 PHILEMON AND BAUCIS PHILIP II. (MACEDON) house was pointed out in the 5th century. The Roman Catholic church commemorates him as a saint on Nov. 22. Special commen- taries on the epistle have been written by Ha- genbach (1829), Koch (1846), F. Kuhne (1856), H. B. Hackett (New York, 1860), J. J. Yan Oosterzee in Lange's BibelwerTc (1862), and Bleek (1865). PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. See BAUCIS. PHILIDOR. See DANICAN. PHILIP, one of the twelve apostles, born in Bethsaida, died probably at Hierapolis in Phry- gia. Being a townsman of Peter and Andrew, he was also probably a disciple of John the Baptist. He is mentioned as the fourth called by Christ to the apostleship ; he was the first to whom Christ said, "Follow me;" and his name is fifth in the list of the apostles. He is mentioned in connection with the multipli- cation of the loaves and fishes (John vi.), and with the introduction of strangers to Jesus at the feast of the passover in Jerusalem (John xii. 20-22). He said to Jesus (John xiv. 8) : " Lord, show us the Father, and it sufficeth us." He was with the assembled apostles on the day of the resurrection, at the ascension, and on the day of Pentecost. The Acts of the Apostles do not say where Philip preached the gospel. Theodoret and Eusebius affirm that it was in Phrygia. Clement of Alexandria men- tions his having a wife and three daughters; and Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, says he died peacefully at Hierapolis. The Acta Philippi is wholly apocryphal. Philip the Apostle has been confounded with Philip the Evangelist, one of the seven deacons mentioned in Acts vi. The feast of St. Philip, together with that of St. James, is celebrated by the Latin church on May 1, and by the Greek church on Nov. 14. PHILIP II., the 18th king of Macedon, count- ing from Caranus, born in 382 B. C., assassi- nated at JEigee in August, 336. The accounts of his early life are in many respects contradic- tory. He was the youngest son of Amyntas II. and Eurydice. He spent his early youth at Thebes, either as a hostage given up by Ptolemy, the Macedonian regent, to Pelopidas as security for the tranquillity of Macedonia, or to insure his own safety from his mother and her paramour, who might have sought to change the succession. Other reasons for his residence there are also given by historians. He remained at Thebes two or three years, a time which he seems to have well employed in acquiring higher military knowledge. When his brother Perdiccas had slain Ptolemy Alo- rites and had ascended the throne, he pre- sented Philip, on the advice of Plato, with the government of a subordinate district. In 360 or 359 Perdiccas was slain in a battle with the Illyrians, and left the government in a distracted state. Besides the infant son of Perdiccas, the legal heir to the throne, there were claiming it Philip's three half brothers, Archelaus, Arrhidaeus, and Menelaus ; Pausa- nias, aided by a Thracian prince ; and Argaeus, assisted by the Athenians. Moreover, the coun- try was threatened by incursions from the neighboring warlike tribes of Illyrians, Thra- cians, and Pseonians. Philip at first took charge of the government for his nephew Amyntas, but shortly after, probably in 359, ascended the throne, and immediately took vigorous mea- sures to relieve himself from his difficulties. One of his half brothers he put to death ; the other two saved themselves by flight. The Illyrians were bought off with presents and promises. The Athenians he contrived to with- draw from the support of Argseus, by remov- ing his garrison from Amphipolis and declaring it a free city ; and when that leader returned from his unsuccessful march upon Mgsd he was met at Methone by Philip and completely routed. He sent the Athenian prisoners home, and made a treaty of peace with Athens. He next sub- dued Paeonia, and reduced Illyria as far as Lake Lychnitis. In 358 he began the siege of Am- phipolis ; and when ambassadors from that city implored the aid of the Athenians, their efforts were counteracted by the Macedonian envoys, who promised that the place if taken should be given up to Athens. Amphipolis fell, and Philip thus secured a convenient maritime port, commanding the country east of the Strymon, and in particular the gold region near Mt. Pan- gaeus. The Athenians he continued to -deceive with the promise of surrendering the city into their hands; and when the Olynthians, who now began to dread his growing power, sent embassies to Athens proffering an alliance, his partisans succeeded in having their proposals rejected. But while Athens was engaged in the social war, he suddenly formed an alliance with the Olynthians, and ceded to them An- themus and Potidaea, the latter of which he had reduced. He had previously captured Pydna for himself, and although the siege of these places lasted long enough for aid to arrive from Athens, none came. Extending his conquests east of the Strymon, he took possession of the mining country opposite Thasos, and enlarged the city of Crenides, changing its name to Phi- lippi. In the summer of 356, not long after the taking of Potidaea, three messages reached Philip at once, informing him of the birth of his son Alexander, the defeat of the Illyrians by his general Parmenio, and the victory of one of his horses in the Olympic games. For a time he now laid aside active operations, but about 353 he began the siege of Methone, the only possession which Athens now held on the Thermaic gulf. After a vigorous defence the city surrendered, and Philip extended his incursions into Thrace, marching as far as Maronea, where he entered into negotiations against Athens with the Thracian prince Ker- sobleptes. He also threatened the Athenian possessions in the Chersonese, but was unable to reach them on account of the hostility of Amadocus, another Thracian prince. Turning his attention to Thessaly, he marched to the assistance of the Aleuada3 of Larissa against