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 PAMPHYLIA PANAMA 31 has been ascribed to him, but doubtfully. The life of Pamphilus was written by Eusebius, but only a few doubtful fragments remain. PAMPH1LIA (Gr. Trav, all, and <[>vhov, tribe), an ancient division of Asia Minor, on its S. coast, now comprised in the Turkish vilayet of Konieh. It is said to have been first called Mopsopia, from Mopsus, its first Greek colo- nizer. The later name referred to the mixed character of its inhabitants, among whom were many aboriginal tribes from the interior. Pamphylia was bounded E. by Cilicia, N. by Pisidia, from which it was divided by Mt. Taurus, and W. by Lycia. It was a narrow strip about 90 m. long, and formed an arch around the Pamphylian gulf (now gulf of Ada- lia). The eastern extremity is flat and sandy, the western hilly with the ramifications of Mt. Taurus that run down to the coast. The west- ern part of this district is a mass of incrusted vegetable matter, beneath which its rivers, the ancient Catarrhactes, Oestrus, Eurymedon, and Melas, find their way to the sea. Pamphylia was conquered by Cyrus, and when the Persian empire was destroyed by Alexander it became subject to Macedon, and then to Syria. It subsequently became a part of the kingdom of Pergamus, and finally a Roman province. The principal towns were Attalia (now Adalia), Ol- bia, Corycus, Aspendus, Perge, Syllium, Side, Cibyra, and Ptolemais. The language spoken was a mixture of Greek and a native (probably Semitic) dialect. PAMPLONA, or Pampelnna (anc. Pompelori), a fortified city of Spain, capital of the province of Navarre, on the left bank of the Arga, 197 m. N. E. of Madrid ; pop. about 23,000. It stands in a plain flanked on three sides by the Pyrenees, is entered by six gates, and has 29 streets. The cathedral was founded in 1100, and rebuilt three centuries later by Charles III. of Navarre. The university was founded in 1608. The best public library is that at- tached to the cathedral. Water is conveyed from the mountains of Subiza, 12 m. distant, by a superb aqueduct, one portion of which rests on 97 arches, each of 35 ft. span and 65 ft. high. The citadel, separated from the town by a vast esplanade, occupies a commanding site. Cloth, leather, wax, and earthenware are manufactured, and there is much trade in flour and wool. Pamplona was anciently the chief town of the Vascones in Hispania Tarraconen- sis. The Goths under Euric wrested it from the Romans in 466, and the Franks captured it in 542. Charlemagne seized it in 778 ; and af- ter falling into the hands of the Saracens under Al-Hakim, it was recaptured by the Franks in 806, and became the capital of Navarre about the middle of the century. It has since been many times besieged and captured. The Car- lists blockaded it Sept. 1, 1874, half the popu- lation was driven away, and the city now (1875) presents a most desolate appearance. PAN, in Grecian mythology, the god of flocks and shepherds. He was the son of Mercury 633 VOL. xni. 3 by Callisto, Dryops, (Eneis, or Penelope, or according to some authorities of Penelope by Ulysses or by all her suitors in common. He is represented with horns, a pug nose, and a goat's beard, feet, and tail, and was perfectly developed from his birth. When his mother first saw him she ran away in fright, but Mer- cury carried him to Olympus, and the nymphs nursed him. He was a favorite with all the gods, and was especially the companion of Bac- chus. He had a terrific voice, by which he frightened the Titans in their struggle with the gods. Phidippides asserted in Athens that Pan promised him to frighten away the Per- sians if the Athenians would worship him; and hence originated the expression "panic fear." He played upon the syrinx or shep- herd's flute, of which he was the inventor, and was the patron of hunters, but was dreaded by travellers. He was the god of bee-keepers and fishermen, and according to Servius was considered as the god of nature generally, or a personification of the universe (Gr. TO 7rai>), whence his name, though Pan is also associated with the Greek rrdeiv, Latin pascere, to feed or pasture. He loved the nymph Echo, by whom or by Pitho he became the father of lynx, the nymph Pitys, who was metamorphosed into a fir tree, and Syrinx, after whom he named his flute. His worship, native in Arcadia, ex- tended thence over other parts of Greece, and after the battle of Marathon was introduced into Athens. In Rome he was honored under the names of Inuus and Faunus. The fir tree was sacred to him, and sacrifices were offered to him consisting of cows, rams, lambs, milk, and honey. The satyrs were his attendants. PAMEMS, a Greek painter, who flourished in Athens about 448 B. C. He was a nephew of Phidias, and when that sculptor made the statue of the Olympian Jupiter, Pansenus orna- mented the base with a series of mythological pictures. He also painted the roof of Miner- va's temple at Elis. His principal work was the battle of Marathon in the Pcecile at Ath- ens, representing four periods of the combat. PANAMA (Sp. Panama). I. A state of the United States of Colombia, occupying the isth- mus connecting North and South America, be- tween lat. 6 45' and 9 40' N., and Ion. 77 and 83 W. ; area, 31,921 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 220,542. Its general form is an arc curving from E. to W. with its convex side toward the north. On the southeast it joins the state of Cauca ; on the west it is bounded by Costa Rica. In its widest part the distance from sea to sea, through the peninsula of Azuero, is about 120 m. ; in the narrowest, between the gulf of San Bias and the mouth of Bayano river, about 30 m. ; following the line of the Panama railway, 47-J- m. The coast line on the Caribbean sea is about 450 m. long, and forms a reverse curve, convex from the gulf of Darien to Point Manzanillo, and concave from thence to the Doraces river. The prin- cipal bays are Caledonia bay and the gulf of