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 PHILADELPHIA 395 to the different states and nations. The foun- dations consist of piers of masonry. The su- perstructure is composed of wrought-iron col- umns, which support wrought-iron roof truss- es. The sides for the height of 7 ft. from the ground are finished with hrickwork in panels between the columns, and above this with glazed sash. The art gallery is situated on the " Lansdowne plateau," N. of the main building, 116 ft. above the Schuylldll. The structure is in the modern renaissance style, and is built of granite, glass, and iron. It is 365 ft. long, 210 wide, and 59 high, above a spacious basement 12 ft. high, and is sur- mounted by a dome rising 150 ft. above the ground. The dome terminates in a colossal bell, from which the figure of America rises, and at each corner of its base stands a colossal figure. The machinery building is "W. of the main exhi- bition building, and consists of a main hall 360 by 1,402 ft., and an annex on the S. side 208 by 210 ft., the whole covering 12-82 acres. The horticultural building, situated on the plateau N. of the art gallery, is in the Moresque style of architecture of the 12th century, and is built principally of iron and glass ; it is 383 ft. long, 193 wide, and 72 high to the top of the lan- tern. The main floor is occupied by the cen- tral conservatory, 230 by 80 ft. and 55 ft. high, surmounted by a lantern 170 ft. long, 20 wide, and 14 high. On the N. and S. sides of the central conservatory are four forcing rooms, each 100 by 30 ft., covered with curved roofs of iron and glass. The agricultural building is N. of the horticultural building, and is to be constructed of wood and glass. It consists of a nave crossed by three transepts, both nave and transepts being composed of Gothic arches. The nave is 820 ft. long, 125 wide, and 75 high from the floor to the point of the arch. The central transept is of the same height, and has a breadth of 100 ft., the two end transepts be- ing 70 ft. high and 80 ft. wide. The ground plan of the entire structure is a parallelogram 540 by 820 ft., covering more than 10 acres. The entire cost of the five buildings is to be about $4,500,000. There are many cemeteries in the city, beautifully laid out, ornamented with trees, flowers, and shrubbery, and con- taining numerous handsome monuments. The principal one is Laurel Hill, established in 1835, occupying a slope on the E. bank of the Schuyl- kill, adjoining the upper part of Fairmount park ; it embraces nearly 200 acres, and is di- vided into three sections, called North, South, and Central Laurel Hill. West Laurel Hill cemetery, incorporated in 1869, is situated a short distance further up on the W. bank of the Schuylkill, within the limits of Montgom- ery co. ; it contains 110 acres. Other ceme- teries are Mount Peace and Mount Vernon, near Laurel Hill ; Glenwood, Odd Fellows', and Monument, S. E. of these ; and Cathedral (Roman Catholic), Mount Moriah, and Wood- lands, in West Philadelphia, S. of Fairmount park, the last being situated on the bank of Censuies. City. County. Censuses. City. County. 1790... 1800.... 1810... 1820.... 1830.... 23,522 41,220 53,722 63,802 80,458 54,891 81,009 111,210 137,097 188,797 1840... 1850.... I860.... 1870.... 93,665 121,376 565.529 674,022 258,037 408,762 5C5,5'29 674,022 the Schuylkill. The growth of Philadelphia has been steady and rapid. The population of the city and county, according to the Uni- ted States censuses, has been as follows : The total population in 1870 includes 22,147 colored persons. There were 320,379 males and 353,643 females, 490,398 natives and 183,- 624 foreigners, of whom 96,698 were born in Ireland, 50,746 in Germany, 22,034 in England, 4,175 in Scotland, 2,479 in France, 1,791 in Switzerland, and 1,488 in British America; 26,705 persons who could not read, and 42,565 who could not write, of whom 13,996 were na- tives and 28,569 foreigners, 5,012 were from 10 to 21 years old, and 37,553 were 21 and upward. There were 89,388 males and 93,433 females between 5 and 18 years of age, 138,526 males between 18 and 45, and 173,676 21 years old and upward, of whom 149,976 were citi- zens of the United States and 23,700 unnatu- ralized foreigners. The number of families was 127,746, with an average of 5*28 persons to a family ; of dwellings, 112,366, with an average of 6 '01 persons to a dwelling. The most densely populated ward averaged 8*42 persons to a dwelling. Philadelphia is con- spicuous for the number and neatness of its dwellings, the great extent of the city in va- rious directions rendering land comparatively cheap, and bringing the possession of a home within the means of artisans and others of lim- ited income. It had nearly twice as many dwellings in 1870 as New York, and averaged less than one half as many persons to a dwell- ing. Of the 217,685 persons 10 years old and upward returned as engaged in all occupations, 3,690 were employed in agriculture, 63,869 in professional and personal services, 43,960 in trade and transportation, and 106,166 in man- ufactures and mechanical industries. In 1873 the number of marriages was 7,891, or 10-52 in every 1,000 of the inhabitants; of births, 18,702, or 24-93 in 1,000; of deaths, 16,736, or 20-29 in 1,000. In 1874 there were 6,639 marriages, 19,387 births, and 15,238 deaths. Horse cars run frequently to various quarters of the city, to accommodate local travel. The latest statistics of the horse railroads are as fol- lows : number of companies, 17; miles of road laid, 214 ; cost of road and equipment, $7,202,- 068 ; number of passengers carried during the year, 63,771,195 ; gross earnings, $4,622,351 ; expenses, $3,356,436. Several fine bridges, both for railroad and ordinary travel, span the Schuylkill, and six steam ferries (fare five cents) ply across the Delaware to the New Jersey shore, one to Gloucester and the others to Camden. Philadelphia is connected with New