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 346 PERUVIAN BARK PESHAWER of gain, and his pictures subsequent to 1505 are feeble and mannered. PERUVIAN BARK. See CINCHOXA. PERUZZI, Baldassare da Siena, an Italian archi- tect, born at Ancajaro, near Siena, in 1481, died in Rome in 1536. The early part of his life was devoted to painting. Subsequently he studied architecture, and is considered the inventor of the architectural perspective paint- ing, afterward perfected by Del Pozzo. One of the best of his works was the Farnesina pal- ace, which was adorned with paintings by Se- bastiano del Piombo and Raphael, and with his own fresco of the " History of Medusa." In 1520 he succeeded Raphael as the architect of St. Peter's; but on the sacking of Rome in 1527 he was stripped of his property, and barely escaped to Siena. Returning to Rome, he began the erection of the palazzo Massimi, but did not live to complete it. He died poor, poisoned, it is thought, by a rival architect, and was buried in the Pantheon near Raphael. PERUZZI, Ubaldino, an Italian statesman, born in Florence, April 2, 1822. He took his de- gree as an advocate at Siena in 1840, and sub- sequently graduated at the school of mines in Paris. In 1848 he was sent to Vienna to demand the release of prisoners on behalf of the Tuscan government, and afterward became gonfaloniere of Florence, but was. removed in 1850. He contributed by his writings to the overthrow of the reigning house of Tuscany, became a member of the provisional govern- ment in April, 1859, and was afterward en- voy to Paris. He continued to represent his native city in parliament. In 1860, when Tus- cany was joined to Victor Emanuel's domin- ions, he was elected as a member for Florence to the parliament of Turin. In 1861-'2 he was minister of public works, and subsequent- ly of the interior till September, 1864, when the Minghetti administration was overthrown. PESARO (anc. Pisaurum), a city of central Italy, capital of the province of Pesaro ed TJrbino, at the mouth of the Foglia in the Adri- atic, 36 m. N". W. of Ancona ; pop. in 1872, 19,900. It is fortified, and has fine churches and palaces, a public library, two hospitals, a foundling asylum, and a theatre. Several of the churches and convents contain valuable paint- ings. The pottery early made here was long famous, but the manufactures now are unim- portant. The city is first mentioned in history in 186 B. 0., when a Roman colony was settled there. It was a flourishing town during the empire, was destroyed by Vitiges in the Gothic wars, was rebuilt in part by Belisarius, became prosperous under the exarchate of Ravenna, and was one of the cities of the Pentapolis. PESARO ED URBINO, a province of the March- es, in the kingdom of Italy, bordering on the Adriatic and the provinces of Forli, Ancona, Perugia, and Arezzo ; area, 1,144 sq. m. ; pop. in 1872, 213,072, about equally divided between the districts of Pesaro and Urbino. The sur- face is mountainous. The soil, especially in the valleys, is fertile, producing various sorts of grain, flax, hemp, the olive, and the vine. The principal rivers are the Cesano, Metauro, Foglia, and Marecchia. Cattle, sheep, swine, bees, and silkworms are extensively reared. The province is formed from the ancient duchy of Urbino, and occupies part of the old territory of Umbria. Capital, Pesaro. PESCARA. See AVALOS. PESCHEL, Oskar Ferdinand, a German geogra- pher, born in Dresden, March 17, 1826. He studied law in Leipsic and Heidelberg, but ac- cepted a position on the editorial staff of the Augsburg Allgemeine Zeitung, and in 1854 took charge of the Ausland. In April, 1871, he became professor of geography in Leipsic. Among his publications are: Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen (Stuttgart, 1858) ; Geschichte der Erdlcunde ~bis auf Alexander von Humboldt und Karl Hitter (Munich, 1865) ; Neue Probleme der vergleichenden Erdlcunde (Leipsic, 1870); and VollcerJcunde (1874). PESCHIERA, a fortress of N. Italy, on the railroad from Milan to Verona, 20 m. N". by W. of Mantua ; pop. about 2,500. It is situated on the Mincio, where it issues from the S. end of Lake Garda, and forms the N. W. angle of the so-called quadrilateral. It was fortified by the Venetians in the 16th century, and was an important point in the operations of Bonaparte and the Austrians in 1796. It was taken by Charles Albert at the close of May, 1848, but was surrendered to the Austrians in August. It was annexed to Italy with Venetia in 1866. PESHAWER, or Peshawnr. I. A district of British India, in the Punjaub, occupying the N. W. extremity of the Indian empire, border- ing on Cashmere, Lahore, and the Afghan province of Jelalabad; area, 1,800 sq. m. ; pop. about 500,000. The Khyber, Mohmund, Swat, and Khuttuk mountains form the boundary on all sides except the east and southeast, on which the Indus flows. The province is exceedingly well watered, and is irrigated by canals. The climate is very hot in summer. The soil is naturally fertile ; vegetation con- tinues throughout the year, and two harvests are gathered. The principal crops are wheat, barley, maize, millet, ginger, turmeric, tobacco, cotton, various fruits, and an excellent kind of rice called Sara, because grown on ground irrigated by the Bara river. The road from Hinttostan to Cabool and Khorasan by the Khyber pass leads through Peshawer ; and the province has been much exposed to the in- roads of the wild inhabitants of the mountains. II. A city, capital of the province, on the river Bara, in lat. 33 59' K, Ion. 71 40' E., 12 m. E. of the E. extremity of the Khyber pass, and 150 m. E. S. E. of Cabool ; pop. about 50,000. It is surrounded by high mud walls, strength- ened with bastions, and defended by a fort. When Peshawer was ruled by the Afghans, it contained 100,000 inhabitants ; but Runjeet Singh destroyed the fine houses of the chief citizens, desecrated the mosques, and laid waste