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 PERTHSHIRE service to the trade, especially as one of the founders of the book exchange in Leipsic. See Friedrich Perthes' 1 Leben, by one of his sons (3 vols., Gotha, 1848-'51 ; 6th ed., 1872; Eng- lish translation, 2 vols., Edinburgh, 1856). II. Johann Georg Justus, popularly known as JUSTUS, uncle of the preceding, founded in 1785 a pub- lishing house at Gotha, and died in 1816. This was continued by his son WILHELM (1793-1853), who was the first of the family to issue (1816) the Almanack de Gotha in French and German (Grothaisches genealogisches laschenbuch), pre- viously published by Ettinger. Wilhelm be- queathed the business, under the name of its founder Justus Perthes, to his son BEENHAED WILHELM (1821-'57), who in 1854 founded a geographical institute, which has acquired great importance within the last 20 years under the direction of August Petermann, by promoting explorations and publishing the Mittheilungen, a monthly periodical. The firm of Justus Per- thes is now conducted (1875) for account of the widow of Bernhard Wilhelm Perthes, Ru- dolf Besser being a partner. It employs more than 200 persons, and has become especially celebrated for issuing excellent maps and nar- ratives of explorations. PERTHSHIRE, a central county of Scotland, bordering on the counties of Inverness, Aber- deen, Forfar, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stir- ling, and Argyle ; area (including two small detached portions, one on the frith of Forth, and one surrounded by Stirlingshire), 2,835 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 127,762. The Grampians form its N. and W. boundary, and rise in the summit of Ben Lawers to the height of 3,984 ft. The county is drained by the Tay and its tribuaries and by the Forth. The Tay flows from the N. E. end of Loch Tay, a lake 16 m. long, and runs circuitously about 100 m. to the firth of Tay, from which it is navigable for ves- sels of 100 tons as far as Perth. Lochs Earn, Rannoch, and Katrine, with several other beau- tiful but smaller lakes, are in this county, which is also famous for the wild beauty of the straths or mountain passes and glens. In the low al- luvial region of the southeast is one of the finest agricultural districts in Scotland ; and in the highland districts are extensive sheepwalks. Linen and cotton are manufactured ; and the fisheries on the Tay are the most valuable in Scotland. The county was formerly divided into the districts of Gowrie, Perth, Stormont, Strathearn, Menteith, Breadalbane, Balquhid- der, and Rannoch. The principal towns are Perth, the capital, Crieff, and Dunblane. PERTY, Joseph Anton Maximilian, a German naturalist, born at Ohrnbau, Bavaria, Sept. 17, 1804. He studied at Munich, and in 1833 be- 'aiiK- professor of zoology and of natural his- tory in the university of Bern, of which he vas several times rector. His principal works art-: Allgemeine Naturgeschichte als philoso- phiische und Humanitdtswissenschaft (4 vols., Bern, 1838-'45) ; Die mystischen Erscheinun- gen der menschlichen Natur (Leipsic, 1861) ; PERU 333 Ueber das Seelenlcben der Thiere (1865) ; BlicTce in das verborgene Leben des Menschengeistes (1869); Ueber den Parasitismus in der or- ganischen Natur (Berlin, 1870); and Die An- thropologie als die Wissenschajt von dem Icor- perlichen und geistigen Wesen des Menschen (2 vols., Leipsic, 1873-'4). PERU, a city and the capital of Miami co., Indiana, on the Wabash river and canal, and on the Toledo, Wabash, and Western, and the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago railroads. 67 m. N. of Indianapolis; pop. in 1850, 1,266; in 1860, 2,506; in 1870, 3,617; in 1875, 6,250. It is surrounded by an exceedingly fertile coun- try, with which it has an important trade. It contains a manufactory of Howe sewing ma- chines, two plough factories, woollen mills, a brass foundery, a manufactory of furniture, a spoke and wheel factory, a flax factory, an ex- tensive manufactory of splint baskets and wood- en ware, and the shops of the Indianapolis, Peru, and Chicago railroad. There are two national banks, with a joint capital of $350,- 000, a fine court house, two magnificent public school buildings, with good graded schools, a large Catholic school house, a Lutheran school building, a daily and two weekly newspapers, and seven churches. PERU, a city of La Salle co., Illinois, at the head of navigation on the Illinois river, here crossed by a fine bridge, 68 m. above Peoria, and 105 N. by E. of Springfield ; pop. in 1860, 3,132; in 1870, 3,650; in 1875, estimated by local authorities at 5,000. It is healthfully and handsomely situated, surrounded by fine scenery, has a very active business, and has be- come an important manufacturing town. Coal abounds in the vicinity, and is extensively mined. Horse cars run to La Salle, 1 m. dis- tant, the terminus of the Illinois and Michi- gan canal ; and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad passes through the city. Reg- ular lines of steamers in summer run to Peo- ria and St. Louis. About 125,000 tons of ice are put up here annually for southern markets. There are four large grain warehouses. The chief manufactories are a plough factory, em- ploying 125 men ; zinc works, employing 75 men ; a foundery and machine shop, employ- ing 35 men ; a planing mill, two large brew- eries, and two extensive flouring mills. The city is lighted with gas and has a good fire de- partment. It contains five public school build- ings, a good hotel, a national bank, a weekly newspaper, and seven churches. PERU (Span. Peru), an independent republic of South America, extending from lat. 3 20' to 22 20' S., and from about Ion. 67 to 81 26' W. It is bounded N. by Ecuador, from which it is separated mainly by the Rio Marafion or Upper Amazon ; E. by Brazil and Bolivia, the divi- ding lines with which are respectively the Ja- vary from its confluence with the Amazon, the 10th parallel, the Purus to lat. 12, and thence a line bisecting Lake Titicaca and joining the western cordillera of the Andes, which com-