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 PALM any of the Himalayas " (fol., London, 1839), and Griffith's "Palms of British East Indies" (8vo, incomplete, Calcutta, 1845). For the palms of tropical America, see Martius's Gene- ra et Species Palmarum Brasilia (fol., Munich, 1823-'45), and his Palmetum OrMgnianum, in vol. vii. of D'Orbigny's Voyage (4to, Paris, 1843 -'6), and Wallace's " Palm Trees of the Amazon and Rio Negro " (8vo, London, 1853). Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum, vol. iii. (8vo, Stutt- gart, 1841), gives a systematic arrangement of all the species known at that time. A very full description of the family, with copious il- lustrations of the structure, is given in Maout and Decaisne's "General System of Botany," translated by Mrs. and edited by Dr. J. D. Hooker (4to, London, 1873). For instructions in the cultivation of palms see " Choice Stove and Greenhouse Ornamental-leaved Plants," by B. S. Williams (12mo, London, 1870). PALM, Johann Philipp, a German publisher, born at Schorndorf, Bavaria, in 1766, executed at Braunau, Austria, Aug. 26, 1806. In 1806 he received for transmission, in the course of Ms business as a bookseller at Nuremberg, a pam- phlet entitled Deutschland in seiner tiefsten Erniedrigung (" Germany in her Greatest De- gradation "), which reflected severely upon Na- poleon, and particularly upon the French troops stationed in Bavaria. The emperor caused him to be arrested and conveyed to Bernadotte's headquarters at Aiispach, and next to Braunau, where he was put to death. A subscription was raised for his family, and his biography was published in Munich in 1842. PALMA, the capital of the Spanish island of Majorca, in the Mediterranean, in lat. 39 34' N., Ion. 2 45' E. ; pop. about 50,000. It is situated on the S. W. coast, at the head of the bay of Palmas, which here forms a fine harbor, on the slope of a hill, with the large cathedral towering over the houses and fortifications. It is surrounded by a wall 36 ft. thick, with 13 bastions and 8 gates. It is regularly built, and has handsome streets and promenades. It is the seat of the captain general of the Balearic islands, and of a bishop. Among the principal buildings are the captain general's palace, the exchange, the city hall, and several churches and convents. The public institutions embrace a naval school, a seminary, a theatre, and sev- eral hospitals. Wool and silk are manufac- tured, and cordage for the entire Spanish navy is now made here, with fibre imported from Manila. To the Vienna exhibition in 1873, 29 kinds of wine and a great variety of natural and industrial productions were sent from Pal- ma, which took 49 prizes and diplomas. The total value of exports to foreign and domestic ports in 1873 was $6,076,340. The first rail- way in the island of Majorca was opened from Palma to Inca, Feb. 24, 1875. PALMA. I. Jaropo, the elder, an Italian paint- er, born near Bergamo, about the close of the 15th century, died, according to Vasari, at the age of 48. He was educated in the school of PALMAROLI 23 Venice. His pictures are esteemed for com- position and expression. II. Jacopo, the young- er, grandnephew of the preceding, born in Venice about 1544, died in 1628. He was sent by the duke of Urbino to Rome, where during a residence of eight years he studied the antique and the works of Raphael and Michel Angelo. Returning to Venice at the age of 24, he found the public favor and em- ployment engrossed by Tintoretto and Paul Veronese; but after their death he was with- out a rival in Venice. Examples of his best style are the " Plague of the Serpents" in the church of San Bartolommeo, and the " As- sumption of the Virgin" in the Ospitaletto. His later works were very carelessly executed. He also made etchings. PALMA, San Miguel de la, an island of the Ca- nary group, about 50 m. W. of Teneriffe ; area, about 300 sq. m. ; pop. about 34,000. It is traversed by two mountain masses, divided by a depression 4,600 ft. above the sea, and reach- ing at their highest points about 7,000 ft. In the most northerly summit, rather resembling a truncated cone, is a vast and deep crater called La Caldera, 4 m. wide, and encircled by precipices varying from 1,500 to 2,000 ft. in vertical height. The exterior of the cone is gullied by deep ravines, and the lower por- tions of the flanks, as in the other mountains of the island, are covered with forests offering large quantities of building and cabinet timber. Pines, palms, and chestnut trees are especially abundant. Besides the perennial stream from the Caldera, there are few watercourses in the island, and there is a scarcity of fresh water, though there are many mineral springs. The few valleys and the lower portions of the coast are very fertile, producing the vine, many va- rieties of fruits, and the cactus on which the cochineal insect feeds. The sugar cane thrives on the elevated plain of Los Llanos. Wheat and other cereals are imported. The climate is mild and equable. The chief industries are the manufacture of ribbons, silk gloves, stock- ings, taffetas, and other tissues, and especially the fisheries on the coasts. The principal port is that of Santa Cruz, at the head of a fine bay on the E. side, with the best mooring ground in the Canaries. The exports amount to about $1,500,000 annually, mainly of cochi- neal of various grades. PALMA CHRISTI. See CASTOR OIL. PALMAROLI, Pietro, an Italian painter, born after 1750, died in Rome in 1828. He was the first to transfer frescoes from walls to canvas, and to his skill in the execution of this difficult process is due the preservation of Daniele da Volterra's famous "Descent from the Cross," accomplished in Rome in 1811. He restored , innumerable beauties in obscured paintings. Prominent among these were Raphael's Ma- donna di San Sisto in the gallery at Dresden, and the fresco of the "Sibyls," by the same master, in the church of Santa Maria della Pace in Rome.