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 302 PERIOSTEUM PERITONITIS commenced at New Haven, 1848, and subse- quently transferred to New York ; " New Eng- lander"" (New Haven, 1843) ; the " Theologi- cal and Literary Journal" (New York, 1849 -'51), preceded by u Views in Theology" pub- lished in occasional numbers (1824-'33) ; "Evangelical Quarterly Review," Lutheran (1850-'70); "Religious Magazine and Month- ly Review" (Boston, 1848), transformed in 1875 into the "Unitarian Review," which is also published monthly at Boston; the "Pres- byterian Quarterly" (Philadelphia, 1853-'62), by Wallace, united with the "American Theo- logical Review," founded by H. B. Smith in 1859, and after the union known as the " American Presbyterian and Theological Re- view " till 1871, when in conjunction with the " Princeton Review" it took the name of the "Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Re- view," by which it is now known ; the " Free- will Baptist Quarterly" (Dover, N. H., 1853 -'66) ; " Mercersburg Review " (1854), the new series dating from 1867 ; the " Protestant Epis- copal Quarterly Review" (1854); the "New Brunswick Review" (New Brunswick, N. J., 1854-'5); "Congregational Quarterly" (Bos- ton, 1859); "Presbyterian Magazine " (Phila- delphia, 1851-'60), succeeded after an interval by a similar publication .first issued at Cincin- nati, and subsequently transferred to Philadel- phia; the " Catholic World," a prominent Ro- man Catholic monthly (New York, 1865); the " Baptist Quarterly " (Philadelphia, 1867) ; the "Reformed Church Monthly" (Philadelphia, 1868) ; the " Southern Review," commenced in 1867 at St. Louis under the auspices of the Methodist church, South, and still continued at Baltimore; and the "Quarterly Review of the Evangelical Lutheran Church" (1871), suc- ceeding to the "Evangelical Quarterly Re- view." Journals devoted to the sciences and the arts, or to particular departments of knowl- edge, began to be published in the latter years of the 17th century, but were not numerous until the beginning of the 19th, since which they have multiplied with wonderful rapidity, until there is now scarcely any subject of in- terest, or that can be made an object of inves- tigation, which has not its periodical organs. Every civilized country now has its journals of theology, jurisprudence, medicine, the nat- ural sciences, the mechanical sciences, and ag- riculture, while in most of them each trade or important industry has its magazines. PERIOSTEUM. See BONE. PERIPATETIC PHILOSOPHY. See ARISTOTLE. PERISTERIA. See HOLY SPIRIT PLANT. PERITONEUM (Gr. Trepi, around, and TSIVEIV, to stretch), the thin, transparent serous mem- brane which lines the abdominal cavity of man and vertebrates, reflected upon most of its con- tained organs, and more or less completely en- veloping them, and keeping them in place by its folds and prolongations. Like other serous membranes, it is a closed sac, covering but not containing the organs in its cavity ; its internal surface, in contact with itself, is smooth and shining, moistened by a serous fluid which per- mits the natural movements of the organs upon each other. The double folds which, after embracing the small intestine, extend backward to the spinal column, constitute the mesen- tery. They form a kind of membranous at- tachment, by which this part of the alimentary canal is held in place, and which yet allows the necessary motions of each portion. Be- tween the two layers of the mesentery are in- cluded the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic glands and vessels belonging to the small in- testine. The folds of peritoneum which em- brace the colon and rectum are called respec- tively the mesocolon and mesorectum. The double membranous fold, prolonged like an apron from the convexity of the stomach and colon, and floating free over and in front of the intestines, is the amentum or epiploon ; it is supplied with numerous vessels, and is more or less charged with fat ; it serves to keep the intestines in place, and to protect them and the vessels from external injury. In the male foetus the peritoneum sends a prolongation which accompanies the testis in its descent and becomes the tunica vaginalis, which is after- ward shut off from the general peritoneal cav- ity, forming a closed sac of its own. The cav- ity of the tunica vaginalis, thus formed, enclo- ses the testicle, in the same manner as the re- mainder of the peritoneum encloses the organs of the abdomen. Folds of the peritoneum also form the suspensory and lateral ligaments of the liver, and the broad ligaments of the ute- rus. The membrane is liable to common acute inflammation. (See PERITONITIS.) PERITONITIS, inflammation of the peritone- um. Systematic writers treat of acute, gen- eral, and partial peritonitis, of chronic perito- nitis, and an epidemic form occurring in child- bed fever called puerperal peritonitis, which will be treated under the title PUERPERAL FE- VER. Acute general peritonitis may be caused by admission into the peritoneal cavity of the fluid and gaseous contents of the intestines, or of air or some foreign substance through a wound of the walls of the abdomen. It may result from perforation of the ileum following lesions of typhoid fever, and of the stomach in gastric ulcer ; from the discharge of pus from hepatic ovarian or other abscesses; and from the admission of urine from rupture of the bladder. It may also be developed in connec- tion with acute articular rheumatism, or the morbid conditions of the kidney collectively called Bright's disease. Exposure to cold may cause it, and it is not very uncommon among workmen employed in winter and spring to repair water wheels which are damaged by ice. Acute peritonitis is sometimes developed grad- ually, but in most cases the attack is rapid. Pain of a lancinating or burning character is usually a marked symptom, commencing at a point and extending quickly over the whole abdomen. It is often increased to exacerba