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 300 PERIODICAL LITERATURE until near the close of the century by Dennie ; the "United States Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1796), by Brackenridge ; the "American Uni- versal Magazine " (Philadelphia, 1797) ; and the "Monthly Magazine and American Review" (New York, 1799-1800), founded by the nov- elist 0. B. Brown, but carried on afterward as the " American Review and Literary Journal " (1801-'2). It would hardly be possible to give a complete list of the numerous literary mis- cellanies which have been undertaken since 1800 in the principal cities of the Union. A large majority of them never succeeded in ob- taining anything like success or permanence. Among them were the "Port Folio" (Phila- delphia, 1801-'25), by Dennie, the first Ameri- can periodical which reached an age of over 10 years ; the " Literary Magazine " (Philadelphia, 1803-'8), by C. B. Brown; the "Monthly An- thology " (Boston, 1803-'!!), containing arti- cles by Tudor, Buckminster, Thacher, Kirk- land, J. 8. J. Gardiner, J. Q. Adams, and G. Ticknor ; the " Literary Miscellany " (Cam- bridge, 1804-'5); the "General Repository" (1812-'13), at the same place; the "Mirror of Taste " (Philadelphia, 1810-'ll), by Carpenter, who paid much attention to dramatic matters ; the "Monthly Register" (Charleston, 1805), the first southern periodical ; " Literary Mis- cellany" (New York, 1811), by Baldwin; the "Analectic Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1813- '20), designed especially for officers in the navy, and edited in 1813-'14 by Irving; the "New York Weekly Museum " (1814-'17) ; the " Por- tico " (Baltimore, 1815-'19) ; Buckingham's " New England Magazine " (Boston, 1831-'5) ; the " American Monthly Magazine " (New York, 1817-'18); the "Literary and Scientific Repository " (New York, 1820-'21) ; "Atkin- son's Casket" (Philadelphia, 1821-'39), dis- placed at last by " Graham's Magazine," which from 1840 to 1850 was the best of its class in America; the " Atlantic Magazine " (New York, 1824-'5), by Sands, continued till 1827 as the " New York Review ;" the " Southern Literary Gazette" (1825); the "New York Mirror" (1823), begun by Morris and Wood worth, the latter being succeeded by Fay, who gave place to Willis, from which time till 1842 Morris and Willis successfully conducted it ; the " Illinois Monthly Magazine" (Vandalia, 1830-'32), the earliest literary publication in the west, edited by J. Hall, who superseded it by the " Western Monthly Magazine" (Cincinnati, 1833-'6) ; the "American Monthly Magazine" (New York, 1833-' 8), established by Herbert and Patterson, and subsequently edited by Park Benjamin ; the "Gentleman's Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1837- '40), by W. E. Burton; the "Dial" (Boston, 1840-'44), edited during its first two years by Margaret Fuller, and afterward by R. W. Emer- son, the organ of the school of New England transcendentalists ; "Arcturus" (New York, 1840-'42), by C. Mathews and E. A. Duyck- inck; the " Magnolia " (Charleston, 1842-'3) ; the " International Magazine " (New York, 1850-'52), under the editorial charge of R. W. Griswold. Much more prominent and success- ful than any of these were the "Knickerbock- er " (founded by C. F. Hoffman at New York in 1832, and continued chiefly under the edi- torship of Louis Gaylord Clark till 1860), and "Putnam's Monthly" (New York, 1853-'7, and again 1867-'9). These two were the best of the lighter American magazines of the past. The present periodical literature of the United States includes several monthlies of a high class. The "Atlantic Monthly," founded in Boston in 1857, successively edited by J. R. Lowell, J. T. Fields, and W. D. Howells, and sustained by the frequent contributions of Longfellow, Holmes, Whittier, and other lead- ing writers of America, is prominent among these. "Harper's New Monthly Magazine" (New York, 1850) is the most widely circu- lated of the American monthlies; and others of a similar class more recently established in New York are "Scribner's Monthly," edited by J. G. Holland, and the " Galaxy." " Lip- pincott's Magazine" (Philadelphia) and "Old and New" (Boston) are monthly publications of like character. The "Overland Monthly" is published in San Francisco, and the " Lake- side Monthly" at Chicago. All the early magazines drew largely from English sources, but in 1811-'12 appeared at Philadelphia the " Select Views of Literature," solely devo- ted to reprints from the foreign periodical press; it has been followed bv the " Saturday Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1821), the "Museum of Foreign Literature" (Philadelphia, 1822- '39), the " Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature," edited by A. Norton and C. Fol- som (Boston, 1833-'4), and by two existing publications, " Littell's Living Age " (Boston, 1844) and the " Eclectic Magazine " (New York, 1844). A multitude of magazines filled with light reading, and designed more particularly for circulation among the women of America, have been published, the earliest of which were the "Ladies' Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1799) and the "Lady's Weekly Miscellany" (New York, 1807-'8); later ones were the "Lowell Offering" (1841), chiefly written by female operatives in the New England factories ; the "Ladies' Companion" (New York, 1820-'44) ; the " Columbian Magazine" (New York, 1844- '8) ; the " Union Magazine " (New York, 1847), by Mrs. Kirkland, afterward published at Phila- delphia as " Sartain's Magazine;" "Arthur's Magazine " (Philadelphia) ; "Miss Leslie's Maga- zine" (Philadelphia); and the still issued "Go- dey's Lady's Book " and " Peterson's Maga- zine " of Philadelphia. Magazines for children appear to have originated with the " Young Misses' Magazine" (Brooklyn, 1806), and have been published since in great numbers. Rather historical than literary have been the "Ameri- can Register" (Philadelphia, 1806-'10), and periodicals of the same name by Walsh (Phila- delphia, 1817) and by Stryker (Philadelphia and New York, 1848-'51), as well as the