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 PERIODICAL LITERATURE 299 criticism ; it was suppressed by the government, and its successor, Nadeshdin's " Telescope," speedily met with a similar fate. They were followed in the old capital of Russia by the MosTcmtanin (1840), founded by Pogodin, the organ of the Panslavic theories. The Biblio- telca dlia Tchteniya (" Library for Reading ") owed its origin (1834) to Gretch, who was fol- lowed in the chair of editorship by Senkovsky ; under the direction of Smirdin it is still one of the foremost periodicals of the country, although a portion of its contents consists of translations, chiefly from English works. The Sovremenn-ik ("Contemporary"), founded by Pushkin in 1836, was afterward conducted by Pletneff ; while the Otetchestvenniya ZapisM (" National Journal") was edited at first (1840) by Bielinsky, and then by Krayevsky, distin- guished under both by the zeal with which it opposed Panslavisrn. Outside of the country itself the Archiv far wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, edited at Berlin by Erman since 1841, gives a valuable resume of the labors of the Russian men of science and letters. An important Polish periodical was edited before the revolution of 1830 by Lach Szyrma under the title of Pamiqtnik warszawsM (" Warsaw Memoirs"). The Ateneum was more recently issued in the same city by Kraszewski, but ex- pired at the end of three or four years ; the Riblioteka warszawsfca has been more success- ful ; and several Polish literary serials have appeared at Wilna, Cracow, Posen, and Lem- berg. The principal literary periodical of Bo- hemia, the ftasopis fieskeho Muzeum ("Jour- nal of the Bohemian Museum"), was begun in 1827 by the historian Palacky, edited from 1838 to 1842 by Schafarik, and since that time by Wocel. It has done much toward building up a vernacular literature. The earliest serial issue of the Hungarian press was the Ma- gyar muzeum (1788), started by Kazinczy, Sza- bo, and Bacsanyi ; but it soon expired, and Kazinczy for a while conducted the Orpheus. The Tudomdnyos gyujtemeny, or " Literary Magazine," held from 1817 to 1841, under the editorship of Vorosmarty and others, the first place among Hungarian periodicals, but it had for a time a rival in the Met es literatura (" Life and Literature "), originated in 1826 by Kolcsey and P. Szemere. The Figyelmezo, or "Observer" (1837-'43), was an influential literary serial under the charge of Bajza, who in conjunction with Schedel (Toldy) also con- ducted the " Athenaeum," an imitation of the London periodical of the same name, which enjoyed for a considerable time a deserved suc- cess. The Erdelyi muzeum (" Transylvanian Museum ") of Dobrentei had only a brief ex- istence, and was followed by Toldy's Uj Ma- gyar muzeum, or " New Hungarian Muse- um," and Csengery's Budapesti Szemle ("Bu- da-Pesth Review "). '0 Aoytoc '^pfJ-m ("The Learned Mercury "), the earliest periodical of modern Greece, was maintained by the contri- butions of Asopios and other prominent men. To.it has succeeded the EipwTrat/cof ', or "European Contributor," established by Rangabe and others at Athens in 1840. In India the issues of the periodical press are of course formed upon English models. The earliest one of a literary character was the "Calcutta Monthly Register" (1790), which lasted for several months. Of its successors the best known are the "Oriental Magazine and Indian Hurkaru," which began at Madras in 1819; the "Madras Miscellany;" the "Cal- cutta Review " (1844), a valuable existing quar- terly; and the "Bombay Quarterly Review," which dates from 1855. At Singapore the " Journal of the Indian Archipelago " has been published since 1847, while the "Chinese Re- pository," begun by Morrison at Canton in 1832, is filled with valuable articles relating chiefly to the literature and history of the ex- treme East. The periodical literature of the Spanish American and other South American states is unimportant, except so far as regards publications in special branches of science and industry. Reversing the rule which had pre- vailed in the old world, the United States, as was natural in a new country where scholars and institutions of learning were as yet few, had its journals of entertainment long before its journals of erudition appeared. The date of the first literary periodical is 1741. In that year Franklin issued the "General Magazine and Histo'rical Chronicle " at Philadelphia, on the plan of the " Gentleman's Magazine ;" but it existed only half a year, while of the " Amer- ican Magazine," begun in the same year and city by Webbe, two numbers only were pub- lished. The other issues of the kind prior to the revolution were mostly short-lived. They were the " American Magazine and Historical Chronicle" (Boston, October, 1743, to Decem- ber, 1746); the "Boston Weekly Museum" (4 nos., 1743); the "Independent Reflector" (New York, 1752-'4), which numbered among its contributors Gov. Livingston and the Rev. A. Burr ; the " New England Magazine " (Bos- ton, 1758), which ceased after the appearance of a few parts ; the " American Magazine " Philadelphia, October, 1757, to October, 1758), published by Bradford ; the " North American Magazine " (Woodbridge, N. J., l758-'66), by S. Nevil; the "American Magazine" (Phila- delphia, 1769), by Nicols ; the "Royal American Magazine " (Boston, 1774-'5) ; and the "Penn- sylvania Magazine" (Philadelphia, 1775), com- menced with articles by Thomas Paine and others, but interrupted by the war. After the conclusion of peace and before the end of the century came the " Columbian Magazine " (Philadelphia, 1786-'9), edited at first by Carey who abandoned it to undertake the "Ameri- can Museum " (1787-'97), a compilation from the newspapers and other journals of the time, of much historical value ; the "Massachusetts Magazine " (Boston, 1789-'96) ; the " New York Magazine" (1790-'97) ; the "Farmer's Muse- um " (Walpole, N. H., 1793), edited from 1796