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 PERIODICAL LITERATURE 297 critics exercised a powerful influence upon the German literary world ; the Allgemeine Lite- raturzeitung, established by Bertuch at Jena in 1785, but removed by Schutz to Halle in 1804, and continued till 1848; and the Je- naische allgemeine Literaturzeitung, founded by Eichstadt at Jena -upon the removal of the last named, and also suspended in 1848. In the earlier half of this century were published the Leipziger Literaturzeitung (1800-'34), the Wiener Jahrbucher der Literatur (1818-'48), Hermes (1819-'31), distinguished for its erudi- tion, and the Jahrbucher fur wissenschaftliche Kritik (182*1-' 47). The leading existing criti- cal authorities are the Heidelberger Jahrbu- cher der Literatur (1808); the Repertorium der deutschen und auslandischen Literatur of Gersdorf, a continuation of the Repertorium der gesammten Literatur (1834-'43) ; the Deut- sche Vierteljahrsschrift (1838), modelled upon the English quarterlies; the Gelehrte Anzei- gen of the Bavarian academy ; the above men- tioned Gottingen periodical of the same name ; Das Ausland (1828) ; the Literarisches Central- blatt fur Deutschland ; Die Gegenwart (1872); the new Literaturzeitung of Jena (1874) ; the Deutsche Rundschau (1874), and one or two others. Of a lighter and more popular tone are the Blatter fur literarische Unterhaltung (1833), previously edited by Kotzebue as the Literarisches Wochenblatt ; the Deutsches Mu- seum (1851), by Prutz and Frenzel ; the Grenz- boten (1841), by Schmidt and Freytag; Wester- manrfs Monatshefte (1855) ; the Gartenlaube (perhaps the best known), Der Salon, and many more of the magazine kind. The Illustrirtes Familien-Journal of Leipsic is of the " Penny Magazine " school, and enjoys a very large cir- culation. Ueber Land und Meer, and other weekly illustrated periodicals, are of much the same character as the London " Graphic." In 1668, three years after the appearance of Sallo's journal, the Giornale de 1 Letterati was commenced at Rome by Nazzari, and pub- lished till 1679. Under the same title literary periodicals were afterward issued at Parma (1686-'90) by Roberti and Bacchini, at Venice (!7lO-'33) by the brothers Zeno, at Florence (1742), and finally at Pisa in 1771, which last has been continued, with the exception of a brief period (1797-1801), down to our own time. The Biblioteca volante (1676-1718, and 1733-'47), commenced by Ginelli and continued by Sancassani, was less solid ; but the Novelle letterarie, published for several years subse- quent to 1740, and edited in part by Lami, was marked by much erudition. Distinguished at a later period have been the Biblioteca ita- J'mita (1816-'40) of Milan, conducted at first by Acerbi ; the Antologia (1821-'32) of Florence, under the direction of a society of scholars ; the Giornale arcadico (1819) of Rome, be- gun by Odescalchi ; the Giornale enciclopedico (1806) of Naples, which was followed in that city by the Progresso delle Scienze (1833-'48), and since by the Mmeo di Scienze e Letteratu- ra ; and several minor ones, like the Poligrafo (1811), and Magazzi7iopittoresco, and the popu- lar Album (1824) of Rome. The Rimsta con- temporanea of Turin, founded in 1852, flour- ished for several years. The Politecnico (1839) of Milan was suppressed in 1844 and revived in 1859; and there are at present several peri- odicals of literary and scientific interest. In- cluding the proceedings of learned societies, and several illustrated weeklies, such as the Illm- trazione, Gazetta illustrata di Roma, &c., more than 30 periodicals are now (1875) published in Rome, the number having rapidly increased since the events of 1870. Spain was represent- ed in periodical literature during the 18th cen- tury by the Diario de los Literatos (1737- '47); the Pensador (1762), one of the " Spectator" school, and chiefly written by Clavijo ; the Seminario erudito (1778-'91), by Balladeres, noted for its publication of rare and important literary manuscripts; the Memorial literario (1784-1807) ; and the Variedades, which ac- quired a considerable reputation under the man- agement of Quintana. The Cronica cientifica y literaria (1824), by Mora, subsequently be- came a political sheet. The Censor (1820), by Lista, Hermosilla, and Mifiano, was for some years the best periodical which Spain had seen ; this was finally superseded by the Remsta espa- nola (1831), which successively changed its ti- tle to Remsta europea and Remsta de Madrid. Later are the Cartas espanolas (1831), the An- tologia espanola (1848), the Remsta hispano- americana (1848), edited by Mora for a brief period only, the Remsta de Espana, the Semina- rio pintoresco, and the Remsta de Ambos Mun- dos.The Jornal da Coinibra in the earlier part of this century was the first, and for a long time the only, literary organ of Portugal. In 1837 the Panorama was founded, which still circulates largely both in Spain and Brazil ; and in 1842 the very excellent Revista universal lisbonense was established by Gastilho. Other publications of the literary class are the Jor- nal da Sociedade dos Amigos das Letras and the Bibliophilo.Iv. Holland two celebrated men entered upon the career of literary journal- ism in the latter part of the 17th century. The Mercure savant (1684) of Desbordes at Amster- dam was a feeble production ; but Bayle in the same year began his Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres, which was continued with great success till 1718. He speedily found a rival in Le Clerc, who undertook in 1686 the first of the three famous series of reviews to which he is indebted for so much of his reputation. These were the Bibliotheque universelle et historique (1686-'93), the Bibliotheque choisie (1703-'13), and the Bibliotheque ancienne et moderne (l714-'27). The first periodical in the vernacular was the Boekzal van Europa (1692- 1708, and 1715-'48), by Rabus and Sewel, which was excelled by the Republijlc der Geleerden (1710-'48). J. van Effen, imitating the English essayist, produced his Hollandsche Spectator (1731-'5) with marked success; but a new era