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 296 PERIODICAL LITERATURE past and present contributors, besides the edi- tor John Morley, J. S. Mill, Mazzini, Wil- liam Morris, Swinburne, Francis Galton, and many others. The "Tatler" (1709-'10) and "Spectator" (1711-'12 and '14) traced out a new path in literature, in which many imi- tators, not only in England, but all over the continent, hastened to follow. Of the mul- titude of similar English publications, the "Rambler" (1750-'52) of Johnson was the most famous. The earliest of the English magazines was the " Gentleman's Magazine," commenced in London by Cave in 1731, and continued after his death by Henry and Nichols, the editors assuming the pseudonymous appel- lation of Sylvanus Urban. Johnson and other eminent writers of the 18th century contrib- uted to it; besides sketches and essays, it published for a time the proceedings of parlia- ment; and it contained obituaries and much other historical matter, which has been made accessible by the publication of five index volumes. It is still continued. For many years its pages were almost wholly devoted to history and archaeology ; but these features have almost disappeared, and it has become lighter and more general than ever before, changing its character completely. Cave had a host of followers. The " London Magazine " (!732-'84), the "Royal Magazine 4 ' (1759-'7l), the " Oxford Magazine" (1768-'82), the "Eu- ropean Magazine" (1782-1826), the "Scots Magazine" (1789-1817), the earliest in Scotland, and the "Monthly Magazine" (1796-1829), supported by the efforts of Priestley, Godwin, and others, were among the chief ones which originated in the 18th century. "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine" (1817) is of a higher order than any of its predecessors. Founded by Black wood, the Edinburgh publisher, who was long its editor, and supported by the con- stant contributions of John Wilson (" Chris- topher North "), J. G. Lockhart, James Hogg, Dr. Maginn, Robert Syme, and others asso- ciated with them, it attained an early fame, which has since been sustained by the writings of some of the greatest English authors. The " New Monthly Magazine " (1814), edited in turn by Campbell, Hood, Bulwer-Lytton, and Ainsworth, "Eraser's Magazine" (1830), and the " Dublin University Magazine " (1832), have been leaders among those which followed "Blackwood's." A new era in this sort of literature has been introduced by the shilling magazines, of which " Macmillan's Magazine " (1859), the " Cornhill Magazine " (1859), first edited by Thackeray, and " Temple Bar " (1860), by Sala, are the most prominent, the last two having attained a very large circulation. The "St. James's Magazine," " Belgravia," "St. Paul's," and " London Society " are recent ad- ditions to this class. The weekly magazines began in 1832 with the "Penny Magazine" (1832-'45) of Knight, and " Chambers's Jour- nal." The former was not only very successful, owing to its illustrations and its cheapness, but it led to a crowd of imitations both in Eu- rope and America. This popular class of jour- nals, including the " Saturday Magazine " and "Family Herald," has of late been greatly improved, and other examples of the kind are "Howitt's Journal" (1847-'9), "Household Words " (1850-'59), conducted by Dickens, "All the Year Round" (1859), by the same editor and continued by his son, " Once a Week" (1859), the "Leisure Hour "(1861), and many others. A peculiar department in periodical literature has been marked out and filled since 1849 by "Notes and Queries," which forms a medium of intercommunication for men of letters, and a repository for brief notes on curious topics in the various branches of literature. Many of the English magazines have within a few years adopted pictorial illustration ; and a great many illustrated pub- lications occupy a kind of middle ground be- tween the magazines proper and the newspa- pers. Such are the " Graphic," a London illus- trated weekly, the " Illustrated London News," and many others. In Germany a translation of the Journal des /Savants appeared at an early day, but in 1682 an original work, the Acta Eruditorum, was founded by two private learned societies at Leipsic. It was less bril- liant, although by no means less erudite, than its French prototype; but being written in the Latin language, sternly orthodox in its Lu- theran opinions, and governed by no system- atic code of criticism or philosophy, it failed to exert the influence or attain the success of the Paris periodical. Supported by the con- tributions of men like Leibnitz, Seckendorf, and Cellarius, it continued for a century. The first literary serials in the German language were written in the form of dialogues ; they were the Monatsgesprache (1688-'9) of Tho- masius, and the Monatliche Unterredungen (1689-'98) of Tenzel, who subsequently edited the Curieuse Biblioihek (1704-'7). The Novel- len aus der gelehrten und curieusen Welt (1692) had but a brief existence, and the Deutsche Acta Eruditorum (!7l2-'56), an imitation of the Latin work, was the first really successful undertaking of the kind. Under the title of 0-elehrte Zeitung, almost every large town had in the latter half of the 18th century its lit- erary journal, among the principal being those .of Frankfort, Halle, Kiel, Gotha, Erfurt, and Erlangen. But more important were the Neue Zeitung von gelehrten SacJien (1715-'97), edited by Beck and others, whose closing volumes are entitled Literarische DenkwurdigTceiten ; the Gdttinger gelehrte Anzeigen, begun in 1739 as the Zeitung von gelehrten Sachen, whose edi- tors, among others, have been Haller, Heyne, and Eichhorn, and which is still published ; the Allgemeine Deutsche Bibliothek (1766-1806), founded by Nicolai ; the Brief e, die neueste Lit- eratur betreffend (1759- 1 65), in which Lessing, Mendelssohn, and Abbt took part ; the so-called Bremer Beitrage, through whose pages Gie- seke, Zacharia, Gellert, Gartner, and other