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 PERIODICAL LITERATURE 295 reestablish it in 1846 as the Nouvelle Revue en- cyclopedique was equally unsuccessful. In the present century the Revue frangaise (1828-'30 and 1837-'9), hy Guizot, the Revue de Paris (1829-'46), the Revue independante, and many more have appeared and been discontinued. But the Revue des Deux Nondes, commenced in 1829, among whose most celebrated contrib- utors have been Sainte-Beuve, Remusat, Thiers, De Broglie, Edmond About, George Sand, Ca- ro, Renan, and a great number of other lead- ers in French literature, has been marked by an ability which has made it permanent and placed it at the head of French critical serials. To the admission of poetry and tales into the reviews, and to the publication by almost every newspaper of a literary feuilleton, must be as- cribed the almost total want in France of seri- als exactly corresponding to the English mag- azines. England seems, with the exception of Italy, to have been the first country to imi- tate the example of France. But the " Week- ly Memorials for the Ingenious," the earliest issue of which appeared in January, 1682 (1681-'2), lasted but a year, and some of its ar- ticles were translations from the Journal des Savants. The " Universal Historical Biblio- theque" began in January, 1686, and expired in March. The " History of Learning " (1691, and again 1694), and the "Memoirs for the In- genious" (1694), were also of brief duration; but the " History of the Works of the Learned " (1699-1711) was more successful, though the works reviewed are chiefly continental. A learned French Protestant refugee, Michel de la Roche, edited in London the "Memoirs of Literature " (1 709-'14), and afterward in Hol- land the Bibliotheque angloise (17l7-'27) and the Memoires litteraires de la Grande- Bretagne (1720-'24); but his "Memoirs of Literature" was recommenced in England in 1725. In 1728 the title was changed to the "Present State of the Republick of Letters," and Andrew Reid assumed the editorship. It underwent another transformation in 1737, becoming the " History of the Works of the Learned," which was continued till 1743. Its place was then to some extent supplied by the "Literary Journal" (Dublin, 1744-'9), the earliest publi- cation of the kind in Ireland. Since the mid- dle of the 18th century it has been generally customary in English literature to apply the word review to those serial publications whose province is criticism, and magazine to those whose pages are tilled with miscellaneous and entertaining reading. The earliest of the for- mer class was the "Monthly Review" (1749- 1844), established by Griffiths, who conducted it for more than half a century. It was fol- lowed within the next 50 years by the " Criti- cal Review" (1756-1817), founded by A. Ham- ilton and supported by the contributions of Smollett, J. Robertson, and other writers ; the "London Review" (1775-'80), succeeded by the " New Review " (1782-'96), a journal in- corporated in 1797 with the " Analytical Re- view " (1788-'99), which was driven from the field by the " Anti- Jacobin Review and Maga- zine" (1798-1821); and the "British Critic" (1793-1843), edited at first by Nares and Beloe, who advocated the principles of the English high church party. At the beginning of the 19th century the " Edinburgh Review " (found- ed in 1802 by Francis Jeffrey, Sydney Smith, Henry Brougham, Francis Homer, and others) at once elevated the standard of this class of serial literature. It met with immediate and great success, and from the beginning num- bered among its contributors many of the lead- ers in English literature. Macaulay, Carlyle, and later Sir William Hamilton, have been among the chief of these. It was a vigorous defender of whig policy, and soon had a for- midable rival in the tory " Quarterly Review " (1809) of London, successively edited by Gif- ford, J. T. Coleridge, and Lockhart, and num- bering among its contributors Scott, South ey, and Croker. The "Westminster Review" (1824), styled for a period the "London and Westminster Review," was started by Bentham and other utilitarians, and, as the organ of the radicals in politics, has maintained a high posi- tion under the direction of Bowring, Mill, and Hickson. The "Eclectic Review" (1805), in which papers by Adam Clarke, Robert Hall, and John Foster appeared, was evangelical in religion and liberal in politics; the " Christian Observer " (1802), at first edited by Z. Macau- lay, C. Wilks, and others, is the organ of the moderate church party ; and the " Dublin Re- view " (1836) was brought into existence by 0' Conn ell and his friends as the representa- tive of Catholic literature. Many able reviews, of considerable influence during their con- tinuance, have ceased to exist. Such are the "Foreign Quarterly Review " (1827-'46), which occupied itself, under the editorship of Gil- lies and Fraser, with foreign literature ; the "British Review" (1811-'25); the "Retro- spective Review " (1820-'26, and again 1853), which gave reviews of old books ; and the " Irish Review " (1857). Their places have been filled by the " British Quarterly Review" (1845), successor to the "British and Foreign Review" (1835-'45), the "New Quarterly Re- view " (1852), the " Scottish Review " (1853), the " London Review " (1853), the " National Review " (1 855), and a few others. The reviews are generally printed quarterly, but the " Satur- day Review " (1855), which combines political articles with critical notices of new publica- tions, is a successful weekly; while the "Ex- aminer" (1808), "Athemeum" (1828), "Spec- tator " (1828), and " Illustrated Review " (1873) are also hebdomadal journals of criti- cism, giving a portion of their space to litera- ry intelligence. The " Fortnightly Review " (which retains its original name, though now published monthly) and the " Academy " (fort- nightly) have the same general arrangement ; the former of these publications being espe- cially influential, and numbering among its