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 282 PEPUSCH PEQUOTS The pepsin is thus seen to act as a ferment and not as a chemical solvent. Pepsin is used in many forms of dyspepsia. It is best prescribed in as simple a form as possible. It has also been employed as a dressing for malignant ulcers, to destroy the nerve in teeth, and to dissolve a piece of meat impacted in the oesophagus. Kennet wine is used in making cheese and in cookery. The activity of pepsin is impaired by the presence of alcohol, though this defect may perhaps sometimes be compen- sated by the stimulant properties of the wine. PEPUSCH, Johaim Christoph, a German com- poser, born in Berlin in 1667, died in London, July 20, 1752. For several years he was harp- sichord teacher at the court of Brandenburg, and about 1698 emigrated to England, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1710 he was one of the founders of the academy of ancient music, which subsisted for more than 80 years. As a composer he is chiefly known by his adaptation of popular airs for the "Beggar's Opera," for which he also wrote an original overture. He published a " Treatise on Harmony" (1731), and "Ancient Genera of Music " (in vol. xliv. of the " Philo- sophical Transactions "). PEPYS, Charles Christopher. See COTTENHAM. PEPYS, Samuel, an English author, born Feb. 23, 1633, died May 26, 1703. He belonged to an ancient family, but his early life seems to have been passed in humble circumstances. He was educated at St. Paul's school, London, and at Magdalene college, Cambridge. In 1655 he married a young girl, without fortune, and went to live with his cousin, Sir Edward Mon- tagu, afterward first earl of Sandwich, whom he accompanied a few years later on his ex- pedition to the Sound. He was immediately afterward appointed to a small office in the exchequer. On Jan. 1, 1660, he began to keep a short-hand diary, which he continued unin- terruptedly until May 31, 1669, when he was compelled by defective eyesight to give it up. Though an ardent roundhead in his youth, he expressed great joy at the restoration of Charles II., and accompanied Montagu in the capacity of secretary to the two generals of the fleet when he brought the king over. In the summer of 1660 he was appointed clerk of the acts of the navy. This office gave him constant opportunities for intercourse with the duke of York, with whom he was soon in great favor. During the plague of 1665 he had the whole management of naval affairs. He was one of the commissioners on the affairs of Tangier in 1662, and became treasurer to the commission in 1665. At the same time he was appoint- ed surveyor general of the victualling office. When the officers of the navy board were called to the bar of the house of commons in 1668 to answer for the disaster to the British fleet in De Ruyter's expedition against Chat- ham, Pepys was chosen by his colleagues to conduct their defence, which he did in a speech of three hours with complete success. Though he was many years in parliament, he made no figure there. Shortly after the close of his diary he travelled on the continent, and collected in- formation respecting the French and Dutch navies. He was not without his enemies ; the earl of Shaftesbury attempted to show that he was "a papist or popishly inclined," with a view to defeat him in a contested election case before a committee of the house of commons, and some years afterward attempted to impli- cate him in the murder of Sir Edmundbury Godfrey. In 1673 King Charles appointed him secretary for the affairs of the navy. During the excitement of the popish plot he was ac- cused with Sir Anthony Deane of sending secret particulars respecting the English navy to the court of France, and of being an enemy to the Protestant religion. After nine months' im- prisonment he was discharged, the complain- ant retracting his deposition. Pepys had now lost his office, but in 1680 he attended the king at Newmarket, where he took down in short- hand his majesty's narrative of his escape after the battle of Worcester, which has often been published. In 1683 he accompanied Lord Dartmouth's expedition to Tangier. After his return he was appointed secretary for the af- fairs of the admiralty, a post which he con- tinued to fill with remarkable ability until the accession of William of Orange, when he re- tired to private life. He was president of the royal society from 1684 to 1686. Pepys left to Magdalene college, Cambridge, his valuable collection of prints, books, and manuscripts, now known as the Pepysian library. Among them are manuscripts, naval memoirs, and a collection of English ballads in five large folio volumes, from which Bishop Percy partly de- rived his " Reliques of Ancient English Poe- try." His diary, after lying unread for more than a century, was deciphered by a young collegian, Mr. John Smith, and part of it published, with a selection from his private correspondence, by Lord Braybrooke (2 vols. 4to, London, 1825). The Rev. Mynors Bright, president of Magdalene college, is about to publish (1875) a complete edition in six vol- umes from the original manuscript, to con- tain about one third more matter than Lord Braybrooke's. It is one of the most amusing books of its kind ever printed, and gives a unique insight into the manners and social life of the time of Charles II. Pepys published " Memoirs relating to the State of the Royal Navy" (8vo, 1690), and his "Life, Journals, and Correspondence," with his "Voyage to and Residence at Tangier," was published in 1841 (2 vols. 8vo). See also " Mr. Secretary Pepys," by J. G. Wilson (New York, 1867). PEQFOTS, or Pequods, a tribe of Indians of the Algonquin family, occupying at the time of the settlement of the country a tract of 30 by 15 or 20 m., extending from Niantic river to We* capaug in Rhode Island. They were called by the Dutch Sickenames, and seem to have branched off from the Hudson river Mohegans