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 270 PENNSYLVANIA Instruction in law and medicine is provided by Lincoln university ; and in science, besides the state college, by Lafayette college, Lehigh uni- versity, Swarthmore college, Villanova college, "Western university, and Westminster college. There are excellent institutions for the superior instruction of females in Philadelphia, Pitts- burgh, Allentown, Beaver, Bethlehem, Blairs- ville, Chambersburg, Collegeville, Germantown, Lewisburg, Mechanicsburg, Media, Norristown, "Washington, and York. The numerous educa- tional institutions in Philadelphia are described in the article on that city. According to the census of 1870, the whole number of libraries was 14,849, with an aggregate of 6,377,845 vol- umes. Of these, 9,883, with 3,328,598 volumes, were private, and 4,966, with 3,049,247 vol- umes, other than private, including the state library in Harrisburg, 30,000; 39 town, city, &c., 28,586 ; 29 court and law, 24,051 ; 115 school, college, &c., 267,223; 3,916 Sabbath school, 1,696,640; 732 church, 420,559; 18 of historical, literary, and scientific societies, 202,- 600 ; 30 of benevolent and secret associations, 49,435 ; and 86 circulating, 330,153. The whole number of newspapers and periodicals in 1870 was 540, having an aggregate circulation of 3,419,765, and issuing annually 241,170,540 cop- ies. There were 55 daily, with a circulation of 466,070 ; 3 tri-weekly, 10,000 ; 2 semi-weekly, 17,700 ; 385 weekly, 1,214,395 ; 11 semi-month- ly, 825,100 ; 73 monthly, 846,750 ; 8 quarterly, 31,200 ; 3 annual, 13,000. In 1874 the total number was reported at 735, including 74 daily, 2 tri-weekly, 485 weekly, 13 semi-monthly, 87 monthly, 2 bi-monthly, and 6 quarterly. The total number of religious organizations in 1870 was 5,984, having 5,668 edifices with 2,332,- 288 sittings and property valued at $52,758,- 384. The denominations were represented as follows : DENOMINATIONS. Organi- zation*. Edifices. Sittings. Property. Baptist, regular " other 895 235 9T 40 238 254 114 15 904 1,286 7 15 11 739 289 10 712 862 3 4 201 21 4 26 871 218 69 86 234 233 118 14 841 1,271 7 16 7 723 285 10 657 819 3 4 183 18 4 27 178,210 110,100 27,500 14,450 94,182 80,545 43,725 7,750 839,128 446,463 2,500 9,000 1,950 804,828 119,022 6,800 270,835 197,115 725 2,050 60,860 6,725 1,875 7,450 $8,157,500 537,800 584,100 818,200 6,703,067 712,800 1,764,700 681,000 6,474,022 7,510,675 63,200 401,000 78,000 9,626.950 2,487,500 298,000 3,746,820 6,675,050 11,500 68,800 489,800 288,500 28,500 51,900 Christian Congregational Episcopal, Protestant . . . Evangelical Association.. Friends Jewish Lutheran . ... Methodist Miscellaneous Moravian (Unitas Fra- | trum) j New Jerusalem (Swe- 1 denborgian) f Presbyterian, regular other Reformed church in ) America (late Dutch V Reformed) ) Reformed church in the ) United States (late V German Reformed). . ) Roman Catholic..... Second Advent Unitarian United Brethren in Christ Universalist Unknown, local missions " union Delaware bay and river were first explored under the auspices of the Dutch East India company from 1609 to 1624, when forts were erected and military jurisdiction was exer- cised. From 1624 to 1664 they continued in actual possession of both sides of the bay with- out much colonization. A colony of Swedes settled on the west bank of the Delaware in 1638, and until their surrender to the Dutch in September, 1655, prosecuted colonization, cul- tivating the soil, and in all their intercourse with the Indians acting essentially upon the same pacific principles which became world- renowned under the founder of Pennsylvania. The peaceful Swedes surrendered to the more powerful Dutch, aided by a naval force from New Amsterdam, in 1655, but still retained their language and national peculiarities until their final absorption by the colonists of Wil- liam Penn, who treated them with marked kindness and consideration. In 1681 the terri- tory west of the Delaware was granted to Wil- liam Penn, who colonized it, and founded Phila- delphia in 1682. Under the charter granted to Penn by Charles II. the present area of the state of Delaware was included, and called the lower counties ; and they continued under the same proprietary until 1699, when a separate legislature was granted them, but not a dis- tinct governor. The two colonies were so connected until the revolution of 1776. The grant to Penn was for territory really covered by the vague grants made to the New England colonies, Virginia, and Maryland ; and though the lines on the east, north, and west were adjusted without difficulty, the boundary be- tween Pennsylvania and Maryland was long a subject of contest by the heirs of the original proprietors, and it was finally settled by the survey of Mason and Dixon, begun in 1763 and completed in 1767. (See MASON AND DIXON'S LINE.) The original Swedish colony was unusually free from trouble with the In- dians, and after Penn's colony was founded a remarkable and most successful peaceful po- licy was inaugurated with the savage tribes in contact with the colony. The settlers of the lower counties were, after the Swedes, origi- nally mainly Friends. Their high character and steady energy made this one of the most flourishing colonial establishments, if not the most successful. It became the seat of learn- ing, wealth, and refinement long before the rev- olution. Independence was proclaimed here, and the whole colony took a decided part in the revolutionary war. The first large accession to the population, next to the Friends, was a German immigration begun about 1730, which peopled several counties adjacent to Philadel- phia, and has given prominence to that nation- ality in all the subsequent history of the state. Next was a considerable immigration of Scotch origin, but coming immediately from the north of Ireland, which was diffused largely over all the state from 1715 to 1725. The public affairs of Pennsylvania were administered under the