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 254: PENNANT'S MARTEN PENNSYLVANIA of both of which he published accounts. In the second journey he was accompanied by Dr. Lightfoot, whom he assisted in the preparation of his " Flora Scotica." In 1771 appeared his "Synopsis of Quadrupeds," subsequently en- larged under the title of a " History of Quad- rupeds." Shortly afterward he began " The Genera of Birds," which was never completed. His "Arctic Zoology" (3 vols. 4to, 1784-'7) contains descriptions of many species previous- ly unknown. In 1793 he published "The Lit- erary Life of the late Thomas Pennant," saying in the advertisement that his existence as an author ended March 1, 1791. Yet he published several other works, among which were " Out- lines of the Globe," vols. i. and ii., including " Views of Hindostan " (1798), forming the first portions of a work designed to embrace an a'ccount of every country in the world. Two additional volumes were issued after his de- cease by his son, completing eastern Asia. Pennant also wrote " A Tour in Wales " (4to, 1778-'81); "A Journey from Chester to London" (1782); an "Account of London" (1790); and the "History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell" (1796). A collec- tive edition of his works was published in 1823, in 29 volumes. PENNANT'S MARTEN. See FISHER. PENNSYLVANIA, one of the thirteen original states of the American Union, included in the Obverse. middle states, and now the second in wealth and population. As it was the seventh in geographical order of the original thirteen, it came to be called the "keystone state." Penn- sylvania was somewhat indefinitely bounded as originally granted by charter; but in the final adjustment of colonial limits it was made a nearly perfect parallelogram W. of the Del- aware river, a small addition being made at its point of contact with Lake Erie to give it access to lake navigation and a good har- bor. The state lies between lat. 39 43' and 42, except that the small portion bordering on Lake Erie extends N. to 42 15', and Ion. 74 40' and 80 36'. It is bounded N. by Lake Erie and New York ; E. by New York and New Jersey, from which it is separated by the Delaware river ; S. by Delaware, Mary- land, and West Virginia ; and W. by West Vir- ginia and Ohio. The extreme length E. and W. is 315 m., average 270 m. ; general width, 158 m. ; area, about 43,000 sq. m. The state is di- vided into 66 counties, viz. : Adams, Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bedford, Berks, Blair, Bradford, Bucks, Butler, Cambria, Cameron, Carbon, Centre, Chester, Clarion, Clearfield, Clinton, Columbia, Crawford, Cumberland, Dauphin, Delaware, Elk, Erie, Fayette, Forest, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Huntingdon, Indi- ana, Jefferson, Juniata, Lancaster, Lawrence, Lebanon, Lehigh, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Reverse. State Seal of Pennsylvania. Mercer, Mifflin, Monroe, Montgomery, Mon- tour, Northampton, Northumberland, Perry, Philadelphia, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Snyder, Somerset, Sullivan, Susquehanna, Tioga, Union, Venango, Warren, Washington, Wayne, West- moreland, Wyoming, York. Harrisburg, the capital, had 23,104 inhabitants in 1870, and Philadelphia, the largest city, 674,022. The other cities, according to the census of 1870, were Allegheny, with 53,180 inhabitants; Al- lentown, 13,884; Altoona, 10,610; Carbon- dale, 6,393 ; Chester, 9,485 ; Columbia, 6,461 ; Corry, 6,809; Erie, 19,646; Franklin, 3,908; Lancaster, 20,233; Lock Haven, 6,986; Mead- ville, 7,103; Pittsburgh, 86,076; Reading, 33.- 930; Scranton, 35,092; Titusville, 8,639; Williamsport, 16,030; and York, 11,003. The most populous boroughs were Ashland, 5,714; Bethlehem, 4,512; Birmingham, 8,603; Car- lisle, 6,650; Chambersburg, 6,308; Danville, 8,436; East Birmingham, 9,488; Easton, 10,- 987; Johnstown, 6,028; Lebanon, 6,727; Ma- hanoy, 5,533; New Castle, 6,164; Norristown, 10,753; Pottsville, 12,384; St. Clair, 5.726; Tamaqua, 5,960; and Wilkesbarre, 10,174. The population of the state and its rank in the Union, according to the federal census, have been as follows :