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{|width="100%"  PENNACOOKS. See.  PENNAFORT, Raymond de, Saint, a Spanish canonist, born in the castle of Pennafort, near Barcelona, in 1175, died in that city, Jan. 6, 1275. He opened a free school of philosophy in his native city at the age of 20, went to Bologna to perfect himself in theology and canon law, and was appointed professor there. Berenger, bishop of Barcelona, recalled him, and appointed him archdeacon of his cathedral, and he joined the friars preachers in 1222. Soon afterward by order of his superiors he composed his Summa Casuum Conscientiæ, the first known compendium of moral theology. Among the distinguished men who chose him for spiritual adviser were St. Peter Nolasco, with whom he cooperated in founding the order of mercy for the redemption of captives, and James I., king of Aragon, whom he induced to separate from his wife Eleonora of Castile because she was his first cousin. In 1230 he was invited to Rome by Pope Gregory IX., and appointed private chaplain and grand penitentiary. By the pope's direction, he made a collection of the papal decretal letters since 1150, the year with which Gratian's compilation closed. In 11351235 [sic] he declined the archbishopric of Tarragona, and was allowed to return to his convent in Spain. He became general of his order in 1238, revised its constitutions and rule, and introduced some ameliorations, which were adopted by the general chapter. In 1240 he resigned his office, and devoted himself to preaching. He was instrumental in establishing the inquisition in Aragon and southern France, and urged the kings of Aragon and Castile to undertake a crusade against the Moors, which resulted in their expulsion from the Balearic isles and the kingdom of Valencia. He promoted the study of Hebrew and Arabic in the Dominican schools, and directed Thomas Aquinas to write his Summa contra Gentes. He was canonized in 1601, and his feast is celebrated on Jan. 23. The collection of decretals made by Raymond de Pennafort is in five books. (See, vol. iii., p. 719.) Besides the above named works, he also composed Summa de Pœnitentia et Matrimonio, of which the best edition is that by Laget (fol., Lyons, 1718, and Verona, 1744). His life was written in Latin by Penna (Rome, 1601), and in French by Touron, in vol. i. of Histoire des hommes illustres de l'ordre de Saint Dominique (6 vols., Paris, 1743-'9).  PENNANT, Thomas, an English naturalist, born at Downing, Flintshire, June 14, 1726, died there, Dec. 16, 1798. He was educated at Wrexham and at Oxford. His account of an earthquake in Flintshire, April 2, 1750, appeared without his knowledge in the "Philosophical Transactions;" and in 1756 he contributed to the same work an article on certain coralloid bodies occurring in Shropshire. In 1761 appeared the first part of his great work on "British Zoölogy." This treatise, which was translated into Latin and German, embraced nearly every species of the animal kingdom then known to exist in Britain, with the exception of insects. The best edition is that of 1812 (4 vols. 8vo). After travelling on the continent he began a work on "Indian Zoology" (1769), which was speedily discontinued. He made a journey into the northern part of Scotland in 1769, and another in 1772,
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 * } by the general sense of all honest men. He afterward solemnly protested that his hands were pure from illicit gain, and that he never received any gratuity from those whom he had obliged, though he might easily, while his influence at court lasted, have made £120,000. To this assertion full credit is due. But bribes may be offered to vanity as well as to cupidity; and it is impossible to deny that Penn was cajoled into bearing a part in some unjustifiable transactions of which others enjoyed the profits." Among the transactions to which Macaulay here alludes was an attempt to persuade Dr. Hough, president of Magdalen college, Oxford, to comply with the wishes of King James in a matter where compliance would have involved a violation of his official oath, by holding out to him the bait of a bishopric. But Dr. Hough himself, in his account of the conversation with Penn, intimates that the Quaker was only speaking in jest—"had a mind to droll upon us." A more serious charge is that Penn was an agent of the rapacious maids of honor of the royal court to extort money for pardons from the relatives of some young girls at Taunton who were implicated in Monmouth's rebellion. The only foundation for this charge is a letter relating to the transaction written by the earl of Sunderland, which begins thus: "Mr. Penne, her majesty's maids of honor having acquainted me that they design you and Mr. Walden in making a composition with the relations of the maids of Taunton;" and Macaulay assumed without hesitation that the person to whom it was addressed was William Penn. But it has been proved by the registers of the privy council, that at this very time a certain George Penne was engaged as a pardon broker at Taunton, and it is most probable that the letter was addressed to him. In the edition of 1858 Macaulay considers the strictures on his previous statements, and says: "If I thought that I had committed an error, I should have, I hope, the honesty to acknowledge it; but after full consideration, I am satisfied that Sunderland's letter was addressed to William Penn."—See the memoirs of Penn by Marsillac (Paris, 1791; translated into German by Friedrich, Strasburg, 1793), Clarkson (London, 1813), Joseph Barker (London, 1847), and George E. Ellis, in Sparks's "American Biography," 2d series, vol. xii. (Boston, 1852); S. M. Janney, "Life and Select Correspondence of William Penn" (Philadelphia, 1852); Hepworth Dixon's "Life of Penn" (new ed., London, 1856); and "Inquiry into the Evidence of the Charges brought by Lord Macaulay against William Penn," by J. Paget (Edinburgh, 1858).