Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/252

 242 PEMBERTON PEMBROKESHIRE pelvis. The average measurement of the di- ameters in an adult female pelvis (fig. 2) are as follows: brim antero-posterior, 4*4 in. ; trans- verse, 5 '4 in. ; oblique, 4'8 in. ; outlet antero- posterior, 5 in. ; transverse, 4*3 in. The soft parts, composed of various tissues, practically reduce these diameters from about one half to one inch or a little more. In the male pelvis (fig. 1) the bones are thicker and stronger, the eminences and impressions on their surfaces for the attachment of muscles are more strong- ly marked, the cavity is deeper and narrower, and the obturator foraminse larger. The fe- male bones are lighter, more expanded, and less massive, the sacrum is wider and less curved, the promontory less projecting, and the coccyx more movable ; the arch of the pubes is also wider and the edges are more turned outward ; the tuberosities of the ischia and the acetabula are wider apart, and the ilia are wider and more expanded. For several years after birth the human pelvis is small in proportion to that of the adult ; at the commencement of puberty the pelves of the two sexes are much alike, but at that period they begin to develop more rapidly and to acquire their distin- guishing characteris- tics. The pelvis dif- fers somewhat in the different races of the human family, and much more in the lower mammalia. In the negro it is lon- ger and narrower, the difference being greater in the male than in the female. In the apes and monkeys the difference greatly increases, as shown in fig. 4, which represents the pelvis of a large monkey where the transverse diam- eter was 2'7 in., and the antero-pOsterior 3 in. As the dimensions of the pelvis are closely related to the act of parturition, the reduction in the diameters and the increased length and straightness of the cavity in the negro are compensated by the smaller size of the cra- nium of the offspring. The cavity of the pel- vis in ordinary conditions of the individual contains the urinary bladder and internal or- gans of generation, and also the lower portion of the intestinal canal. There is no membra- nous division between the cavities of the ab- domen and pelvis, as there is between the ab- domen and the thorax (see DIAPHKAGM), and sometimes the pelvic cavity is spoken of as a part of the general abdominal cavity. PEMBERTON, John ., an American soldier, born in Philadelphia in 1817. He graduated at West Point in 1837, became first lieutenant of artillery in 1842, was aide-de-camp to Gen. Worth during the Mexican war, was brevetted captain, for gallantry at Monterey in 1846, and FIG. 4. Pelvis of Monkey. major for gallantry at Molino del Rey in 1847, and distinguished himself also at Contreras and Churubusco, and at the capture of the city of Mexico, in which he was wounded. He became captain Sept. 16, 1850, and resigned April 29, 1861. He entered the confederate service as a colonel of cavalry, and was ap- pointed assistant adjutant general to Gen. Jo- seph E. Johnston. In 1862 he was made a brigadier general, and in the latter part of the same year a lieutenant general, and appointed to command the army in northern Mississippi. He was defeated at Champion hills, May 16, 1863, and at Big Black river the next day, and shut up in Vicksburg by Gen. Grant. After a regular siege he surrendered, July 4, 1863. (See VICKSBUKG.) At the close of the war he was inspector of artillery, commanding at Charleston. Since then he has been a farmer near Warrenton, Fauquier co., Ya., where he now (1875) resides. PEMBINA. I. The 1ST. W. county of Minne- sota, bounded 1ST. by British America, and sep- arated on the west from Dakota by Red river ; area, about 7,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 64. On the northeast it borders on the Lake of the Woods. It is watered by tributaries of the Red and Rainy Lake rivers. The valley of Red riv- er contains much good farming land. II. The N". E. county of Dakota, bordering on British America and Minnesota, being separated from the latter by Red river, and watered by Pern- bina and Park rivers, affluents of the Red ; area, about 2,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 1,213. The bottom lands of Red river are very productive and well adapted to wheat. Capital, Pembina. PEMBROKE, a borough and seaport of Pem- brokeshire, Wales, on a creek of Milford Haven, 206 m. W. by K of London; pop. in 1871, 13 r 704. At the W. extremity of the rocky ridge on which the town stands are the ruins of a fortress erected in 1092, in which Henry VII. was born; it is among the most remarkable monuments of antiquity in S. Wales. The trade of the place, which was once consider- able, has been transferred to Haverfordwest, and it now owes its chief importance to the royal dockyard, removed from Milford Haven in 1814 to Pater, or Pembroke Dock, 2 m. K W. of the old town. The dockyard, compri- sing 60 acres, is surrounded by a high stone wall, and includes 12 slips for ship building. More than two thirds of the population live in this part of the town. PEMBROKE, Earl of. See HERBERT, WILLIAM. PEMBROKESHIRE, a county of Wales, occu- pying the extreme S. W. point of the prin- cipality, and bordering on the Bristol and St. George's channels ; area, 628 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 91,998. The coast line is indented by numerous bays and studded with islands. The rivers are small. The surface is generally un- dulating, with low hills and rich meadows and corn fields. The anthracite coal tract bisects the county* Copper ore is found, slate and coal are worked, and the fisheries are valuable.