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 PALLAS PALLISER 15 are extant. II. Rutilins Taurus JCmilianus, a Ro- man writer on agriculture, who lived about the middle of the 4th century A. D. His treatise De Re Rustica, in 14 books, was very popular in the middle ages. There is an English trans- lation by Thomas Owen (London, 1803). III. An early Christian father, born probably in Galatia about 367. At the age of 20 he set out on foot to visit the solitaries of Upper Egypt, Libya, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Italy. In 400 he was appointed bishop of Helenopolis in Bithynia, whence he was trans- lated about 20 years afterward to the see of Aspona in Galatia. He was an adherent of Origen. He wrote a collection of biographi- cal notices and anecdotes, generally known as "the Lausiac history," from being addressed to Lausus, a chamberlain at the imperial court. It was imperfectly edited by Meursius (Ley- den, 1616). A better edition is contained in the Auctarium of Fronto Duceeus, vol. ii. (Paris, 1624). PALLAS. See MINERVA. PALLAS, Peter Simon, a German naturalist, born in Berlin, Sept. 22, 1741, died there, Sept. 8, 1811. He studied medicine, but afterward devoted himself to natural history, and after a year's residence in England settled at the Hague. In 1766 he published Elenchus Zoophy- torum and Miscellanea Zoologica, and in 1768 became professor of natural history in the im- perial academy of sciences in St. Petersburg. The same year he joined a scientific expedi- tion to observe the transit of Venus and to ex- plore the countries visited. He traversed a considerable part of southern Russia, the Cau- casus, and central and southern Siberia, pene- trating as far eastward as the frontiers of China, and returned in 1774. In 1777 he was appointed one of a commission to draw up a map of Russia. In 1795 he went to the south- ern part of the Crimea and built a handsome seat, in which he resided for 15 years ; and in 1810 he removed to Berlin. Among his most important works are the Spicilegia Zoologica (2 vols. 4to, Berlin, 1767-'80); Reisen durch verschiedene Promnzen des russischen Reichs (3 vols. 4to, St. Petersburg, 1771-'6) ; Nova Species Quadrupedum (4to, Erlangen, !778-'9) ; Samm- lungen historischer Nachrichten uber die mon- golischen Vollcerschaften (2 vols. 4to, St. Peters- burg, 1776-1802); Nordische Beitrage, Neue nordiscJie Beitrage, &c. (7 vols. 8vo, 1781-'96) ; Flora Rossica (2 vols. fol., 1784-'8), never completed ; Bemerkungen auf einer Reise durch die sudlichen Statthalterschaften des russischen Reichs in den Jahren l793-'4 (2 vols. 4to, Leipsic, 1799-1801 ; English translation, " Travels through the Southern Provinces of the Russian Empire," 2 vols. 4to, London, 1812) ; and Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica (3 vols. 4to, St. Petersburg, 1831). He assisted in pre- paring the vocabulary of all the languages of the empire, Lingua/rum totius Orbis Vocabula- ria (2 vols. 4to, St. Petersburg, l786-'9 ; 2d ed., 4 vols., 1790-'91). 632 VOL. xm. 2 PALLAVICDfO, Ferrante, an Italian author, born in Parma or Piacenza about 1615, execu- ted at Avignon, March 5, 1644. He became an Augustinian friar, and at first was reputed one of the most devout and learned members of his convent; but falling in love with a fair Vene- tian, he plunged into a career of licentious- ness, supporting himself for some time by wri- ting immoral books. He afterward went to Germany as chaplain to the duke of Amalfi, but without interrupting his debaucheries, and on his return put secretly to press at Villafran- ca a satirical work entitled II corriere svalli- giato, to which the secretary of the Venetian republic had previously refused nis imprima- tur. The transaction being discovered, he was thrown into prison, but obtained his liberty mainly by the assistance of one of his mistress- es. When the war broke out between Pope Urban VIII. and the duke of Parma, he wrote in favor of the duke, using the most violent expressions against the pope and his nephews the Barberinis, and among other pamphlets published II divorzio celeste, in which he inti- mated that a divorce had taken place between Christ and the church. Afraid to remain in Italy, he resolved to visit France ; but a fel- low traveller betrayed him into the hands of the papal authorities at Avignon, and he was tried, condemned, and beheaded for apostasy and treason. His Opere permesse, edited by Brusoni with a life of the author (4 vols. 12mo), appeared at Venice in 1655, and his Opere scelte at Geneva in 1660. PALLAVICINO, Sforza, an Italian author, born in Rome, Nov. 20, 1607, died there, June 5, 1667. He was heir to a marquisate, but took orders, and about 1637 became a Jesuit. He was made cardinal by Pope Alexander VII. His principal work is Istoria del concilia di Trento, written to counteract the work of Pao- lo Sarpi on the same subject. The first edi- tion (2 vols. fol., Rome, 1656-7) is the best, j and it has been frequently reprinted. Among his other works are: Vindicationes Societatis Jesu (Rome, 1649) ; Gli avvertimenti gram- maticali (1661) ; and Trattato dello stilo (1662). The manuscript of his Arte della per- fezione cristiana is in Parma. PALLISER, Sir William, a British inventor, born in Dublin, June 18, 1830. He entered the army in 1855, and retired from it as major in 1871. He became known by the projectiles and guns which bear his name, the former used for piercing armor-plated ships, and the latter now generally introduced in the army. He improved the construction and rifling of can- non used in ironclads and on fortifications. He was knighted in 1873, and in 1875 received the cross of commander of the crown of Italy. His brother JOHN (born Jan. 29, 1817) ex- plored western America, and published in 1853 "Sporting Adventures in the Prairies." He conducted an expedition to the Indian country in 1856-'7, and was employed in 1857-'60 in de- termining the British boundary line from Lake