Page:The American Cyclopædia (1879) Volume XIII.djvu/208

 198 PAWTUCKET PAXTON in their hunts, killing many, and finally invaded their villages, burning houses, killing and rav- aging. The Pawnees were driven south of the Nebraska, and regarding this as a violation of their treaty, government stopped their annui- ties ; their missionaries and farmers left them, cholera set in, and in three or four years they lost half their number. By treaty of Sept. 24, 1857, they sold more of their lands, but overnment did not protect them from the ioux, who year after year killed and plunder- ed them, repeatedly destroying their villages. The reservation of 288,000 acres was 105 m. west of Omaha, in the valley of the Loup fork of the Platte. In 1861 they numbered 3,414, and furnished government with an efficient company of scouts, and a still larger force to act against the Sioux during the war with that tribe. This increased the hostility of the Sioux, who after making peace with govern- ment turned again on the wretched Pawnees, slaughtering them without mercy and effectu- ally preventing any progress or improvement. By act of June 10, 1872, 48,424 acres were sold for their benefit, and they began to think of removal, especially after their crops were swept away by the locusts. On Oct. 8, 1874, the Pawnees in general council determined to remove. They are under the charge of the Friends, and have a perpetual annuity of $30,- 000, with appropriations for education, farm- ing, &c., of $22,600 more. In 1874 they had a manual labor school and a day school with 156 pupils, but their individual wealth, chiefly in horses, is very small. There is no grammar or extended vocabulary of their language. PAWTUCRET, a town of Providence co., Ehode Island, on both sides of Pawtucket river, here navigable and spanned by a stone and three iron bridges, and on the Boston and Providence arid Providence and Worcester rail- roads, 4 m. N. of Providence; pop. in 1870, 6,619 ; in 1875, 18,464. The town is beautiful- ly situated, and has a picturesque appearance. The river here has a fall of 30 ft., supplying extensive water power. The first cotton manu- factory in the country was established here by Samuel Slater in 1790, and for 40 years the place held the first rank among the manufac- turing towns of the country. The principal manufactories now in operation are 11 of yarn, 2 of worsted braid, 5 of woollens, 13 of cotton cloth, 1 of wadding, 12 of thread, 2 of hair cloth, 2 of card board, 2 of paper bags, 4 of machinery, 1 of bolts, 3 of files, 1 of tacks, 1 of brooms, 1 of chemicals, 1 of brushes, 1 of screws, 1 of gas, 3 of boots and shoes, 1 of manufacturers' supplies, 7 of belting, 3 of thread spools, 1 of furniture, 2 of steam fire engines, 2 of sash and blinds, 1 cloth and 2 yarn print- ing establishments, 2 brass founderies, 1 stove and 3 iron founderies, 2 bleacheries, and 8 tan- ning and currying establishments. From five to ten vessels, laden with coal and lumber, ar- rive daily during the season of navigation. The assessed value of property in 1874 was $16,356- 629. The town has a paid fire department, three national banks, three savings institutions, an insurance company, 14 public schools inclu- ding a high school, a public library, two week- ly newspapers, and 18 churches, viz. : 4 Bap- tist, 2 Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 3 Methodist, 8 Roman Catholic, 1 Swedenborgian, and 1 Uni- versalist. Pawtucket formed part of Bristol co., Mass., till 1861. A portion of the town of North Providence was annexed to it in 1874. PAX (Lat., peace), an instrument anciently used in the Roman Catholic church, and re- tained for some time in the church of England. In the early ages of Christianity it was cus- tomary for the faithful at certain parts of the divine service to practise literally St. Paul's recommendation, "Greet ye one another with a holy kiss," as appears from the " Apostolical Constitutions " (viii. 11) :" Let the bishop salute the church and say, ' The peace of God be with you all ;' and let the people answer, ' And with thy spirit.' Then let the deacon say to all, 'Salute one another with a holy kiss;' and let the clergy kiss the bishop, and the laymen the laymen, and the women the women." But in course of time, when the separation of the sexes in the church ceased to be observed, a small tablet called the pax, the tabula pacis (tablet of peace), or the osculatorium, bearing the image of Christ crucified, or of the Lamb, was kissed first by the bishop, then by the infe- rior clergy, and finally by the people. The cere- mony called giving the pax, as performed in Roman Catholic churches at the present day, is merely a relic of the old custom. Just before the communion at solemn high masses the of- ficiating clergyman turns to the deacon, and, extending his hands and touching him on the arms, inclines his head toward the deacon's left shoulder, saying, Pax tecum (" Peace be with thee") ; to which the deacon answers, Etciim spiritu tuo (" And with thy spirit "). The dea- con gives the pax in the same manner to the subdeacon, and each of the inferior ministers to the one next below him in dignity. The people have no part in it. When solemn high mass is celebrated in the presence of the bish- op, the celebrant, after giving in this manner the kiss of peace to the deacon, kisses a pax presented to him by the latter, which is then borne to the bishop, who kisses it in turn, and then imparts the peace to his assistants. PAXTON, Sir Joseph, an English horticultu- rist, born at Milton-Bryant, near Woburn, Bed- fordshire, Aug. 3, 1803, died at Sydenham, June 8, 1865. He was educated at the Wo- burn free school, and was subsequently em- ployed as a gardener by the duke of Devonshire, who made him the manager of his Derbyshire estates, and superintendent of the works which rendered Chatsworth the most celebrated coun- try seat in England. He planned and superin- tended the erection in 1851 of the crystal pal- ace in London, for which he was knighted; and after the close of the exhibition he en- larged and reerected the building at Sydenham.