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 186 PAUPERISM is customary, however, to compare the pauper- ism of different regions by ascertaining in each country the proportion which those persons who receive public charity bear to the whole population. Without vouching for the accu- racy of the computations made, we will pre- sent some of these statistics of proportionate numbers and cost, taken mainly from the work of A. Emminghaus, Das Armenwesen und die Armengesetzgebung in Europaiachen Staaten (Berlin, 1870). He quotes Hausner's " Statis- tics of Europe," which gives the proportion of paupers in Belgium as one to every 7i inhabi- tants, in Holland one to every 7, in Baden one to 16, in Switzerland one to 19, in Great Brit- ain one to 22, in South Germany about one to 25, in France one to 29, in North Germany about one to 30, and in Prussia and Austria about one to 34. In the United States the pro- portion of inhabitants to paupers is nowhere less (according to European modes of computa- tion) than 75 or 100 to one, and in the whole country there must be at least 150 inhabitants to one pauper. The population of Ireland in April, 1871, was 5,402,759, and the number of paupers from 60,000 to 75,000, giving a pro- portion of 72-90 to one. The English paupers then numbered 1,000,000, and the population of England (always including Wales) was 22,- 704,108. This gives the proportion of inhab- itants to paupers as less than 23 to one, showing pauperism to be more than three times as com- mon in England as in Ireland. In Scotland the population in 1871 was 3,360,018; the number of paupers cannot be given very ex- actly, by reason of the method of computing them, but it was between 100,000 and 130,000, or at the rate of one pauper to every 26 or 33 inhabitants. The foregoing statements relate to the average number of paupers; if the whole number relieved during the year is considered, the proportion of paupers to population will seem much larger. It is probably safe to say that in all the countries of Europe, save Russia, Turkey, and Greece, the proportion of paupers constantly supported or aided by public charity is as 3 to 100, and that the pauper class in all Europe numbers not less than 15,000,000, per- haps 25,000,000. Among the 42,000,000 who lived in the United States in the beginning of 1875, it is not probable that the pauper class numbered more than 400,000, or that the aver- age number of paupers aided was so great as 250,000. Indoor and Outdoor Relief. These terms, borrowed from the technical dialect of the English poor-law board, are used rather loosely to signify relief given in workhouses (indoor) and that given elsewhere, generally at the pauper's own home. The English work- house corresponds to the American poorhouse or almshouse, and it is a favorite theory of British political economists that all persons who apply for public charity should have their sincerity tested by sending them to the work- house. This of course cannot always be done, but some approach to the "workhouse test" is often found the best means to reform the administration of charity. The class of "in- door paupers" should also include those insane poor who are confined in hospitals and asy- lums ; but this is not done in England, where pauper lunatics are put down among those receiving outdoor relief. This is one reason why the cost of outdoor relief appears so large in England, as compared with the cost of maintaining the workhouses; for there are now about 50,000 pauper lunatics in England who are maintained from the poor rates at a cost of nearly 1,000,000 a year. This class of the poor is steadily increasing in all coun- tries. The number of indoor paupers during the year is much larger, of course, than the daily or average number. Thus, in 1871, al^ though there were but 42,375 persons in the workhouses of Ireland on Sept. 29, and only 48,738 on Jan. 6, 1872, there were yet 183,135 persons admitted to Irish workhouses during the year, including '2,103 births. This is an average of more than 15,000 admissions in a month, or nearly one third as many monthly admissions as the whole average number in the workhouses (46,000). In the city almshouses of the state of New York, in the same year (1871), the average number of inmates being a little more than 8,500, there were nearly 31,000 admissions, including 700 births; a monthly admission of less than 2,600, or considerably less than one third of the average number sup- ported. Hence it would appear that the pau- per class in Ireland is more numerous, in pro- portion to the average number supported, than it is in the cities of New York, Albany, Buf- falo, &c. But while pauperism in New York is gaining ground, it is decreasing in Ireland. In Scotland it has been somewhat increasing, and its cost had advanced at such a rate for some years previous to 1870 as to occasion se- rious apprehensions, and lead to some impor- tant changes in the poor laws of that coun- try. This increase of cost in Scotland seems to be partly due to the fact that there are not in workhouses all the poor who ought to be maintained indoors, and consequently that outdoor relief is carried further than it ought to be. Thus, in the year 1872, while the av- erage number of the adult poor was 74,635, with 42,175 dependents, the whole number of indoor poor in winter was but little more than 8,000, and in summer 1,000 less ; so that only about one tenth of the adult poor of Scotland are supported in workhouses or poor- houses, unless we reckon the lunatic poor in asylums, which would make the proportion of indoor poor perhaps one fifth of the whole. In England, reckoning in the lunatic poor, the indoor paupers number about one fifth of the whole, but in Ireland they are almost four fifths. Thus, in 1872, out of 296,256 Irish paupers relieved during the year, no less than 232,236 were maintained in workhouses, and only 63,432 received outdoor relief. In the United States the proportion of indoor