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 PALESTRINA PALEY 9 Ziph, Maon, the hill of Hachilah, the Levitical city of Debir, Ecbatana (a Roman city on Mt. Oarmel), Archelais, Sycaminum, Eshtaol, Seneh (the scene of Jonathan's victory and the site of the Philistine camp), the rock Oreb, the wine press of Zeeb, the altar of Ed, the high place of Gibeon, the city of Nob, and the cave of Adullam. Among the latest identifications is Bethabara, the scene of the baptizing by John, which Lieut. C. E. Conder in 1875 fixed at the ford known as Makhadet Abara, holding that it is a different place from the Bethabara of the book of Judges. The American " Pales- tine Exploration Society," organized in 1871, sent out expeditions in 1872 under command of Lieut. Edgar L. Steever, jr., and in 1874 under Prof. II. M. Paine. This society has left the region about Jerusalem to the British organization already in the field, and has un- dertaken to survey the region E. of the Jor- dan. It has published the results of its work in three " Statements," issued in 1871, 1873, and 1875. The report of 1875 states that Mt. Pisgah has been identified with the S. W. sum- mit of a triple mountain called by the Arabs Jebel Siaghah, about 10 m. E. of the N. end of the Dead sea. (See PISGAH.) Among the most important works on Palestine, besides those already named, are those of Kitto, " Palestine " (London, 1841); Munk, Palestine: description geographique, historique et archeologique (Paris, 1845; German ed. by M. A. Levy, Breslau, 1871) ; Lynch, " Official Report of the Expedi- tion to the Dead Sea" (8vo, Philadelphia, 1849) ; Churchill, "Mount Lebanon" (4 vols. 8vo,' London, 1853-'62); Stanley, "Sinai and Pales- tine" (8vo, 1856); Prime, "Tent Life in the Holy Land " (12mo, New York, 1857) ; Porter, " Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Pales- tine " (2 vols., London, 1858; 2d ed., 1868); Thomson, " The Land and the Book " (2 vols. 8vo, New York, 1859); Tristram, "Topogra- phy of the Holy Land " (8vo, 1872) ; and Rit- ter, Die Erdkunde, vols. xiv.-xvii., translated into English under the title of " Comparative Geography of Palestine and the Sinai tic Pen- insula" (4 vols. 8vo, Edinburgh, 1866). PALESTRINA (anc. Prceneste), a town of Ita- ly, in the province and 23 m. E. S. E. of Rome ; pop. about 6,000. It is built almost entirely on the site of the ancient temple of Eortune, which after its restoration by Sulla occupied the whole lower slope of the hill, more than 2,000 ft. high, with a citadel on the summit, which was replaced by a mediae val castle. The only notable buildings are the deserted Bar- berini palace and the church of San Rosario, with tombs of the Barberini and Colonna fam- ilies, the latter preponderating here during the middle ages. (See PE^NESTE.) PALESTRINA, Giovanni Pietro Aloisio da, an Ital- ian composer, born in Palestrina in 1524, died in Rome, Feb. 2, 1594. In 1551, having gained some distinction as a composer, he was admit- ted among the singers of the pontifical chapel, and a few years later was made chapelmaster by Pope Julius III., to whom he had dedi- cated four masses for four voices. He was the first upon whom this title was conferred. In 1555 he was dismissed from office by Paul IV. for having married, and for several years he was successively chapelmaster at the church- es of St. John Lateran and Santa Maria Mag- giore. In 1571 he was appointed chapelmas- ter of St. Peter's, and shortly after maestro to the congregation of the Oratory. The sub- ject of improving ecclesiastical music having been referred by the council of Trent to a committee, a discussion arose respecting the secular tunes which then formed the principal themes of most masses and psalms. Palestri- na, being called upon to compose a work in a more simple and devotional style, for the sake of contrast, produced his celebrated "Mass of Pope Marcellus." His music, consisting chief- ly of masses, psalms, motets, and madrigals, is grave and learned. A Stdbat Mater, and specimens of his masses, motets, and madri- gals, have been published by A. E. Choron, but the greater part of his works are to be found only in the large libraries of Europe. Some of his masses and motets are still em- ployed in the service of the Roman Catholic church, and three of his motets adapted to versions of the Psalms are in use in the Eng- lish cathedral service. See Baini, Memorie della vita e delle opere di Palestrina (2 vols. 4to, Rome, 1828; German, Leipsic, 1834). PALEY. I. William, an English theologian, born in Peterborough in July, 1743, died May 25, 1805. He graduated at Christ's college, Cam- bridge, as senior wrangler, in 1763, and after teaching for three years returned to his college as fellow, became a tutor, and lectured on moral philosophy and divinity. In 1775 he became rector of Musgrove in Westmoreland, and short- ly after married. After other preferments, he was made in 1782 archdeacon of Carlisle. In 1785 appeared his "Principles of Moral and Political Economy," the copyright of which brought him 1,000. He published " Horse Pau- linas " in 1790, and " Reasons for Contentment " in 1791. In 1794 appeared his "View of the Evidences of Christianity," and three addition- al preferments were immediately conferred on him, one of them worth 1,000 per annum. His political sentiments prevented his prefer- ment to a bishopric. In 1802 he published his " Natural Theology." His ethical theory denies the existence of a moral sense or any original moral constitution of human nature, and makes the expectation of future reward or punish- ment the only motive of virtuous action. Util- ity is the ground of obligation, but it must be determined with reference to remote as well as direct efforts, to eternity as well as time. Applying this principle to politics, he makes the " will of God as collected from expedien- cy" the ground of civil obedience. If an ille- gitimate government has become peaceably es- tablished so that it advances the good of the subjects, public utility requires that it should