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 178 PAULINUS whence they were able to extend themselves in Europe, not justifying by any change of faith the emperor's hope of their conversion. A similar attempt by Alexis Comnenus a cen- tury later had hardly better success. The. sect continued to nourish under other names, and the principles of the Paulicians were perpetu- ated by the Euchites, the Bogomiles, the Ca- thari, the Waldenses, and to some extent by the English disciples of Wycliffe. The Paulicians held that the evil spirit, born of darkness and fire, was the creator of the lower world ; that the soul of man, originally related to God, had been made liable to sin by its union with the flesh ; that all men are capable of recovery ; that Christ brought with him from heaven a body of finer mould, with which he passed back to heaven when his work of redemption was finished: that the mother of Christ was not sinless or a proper object of worship; that the cross was properly a symbol of Christ's diffusive love, and not of the curse which he bore or of his vicarious sufferings. They de- nied the validity of the sacraments, interpreted baptism and the Lord's supper spiritually, would not recognize any priestly dignity, and insisted upon simplicity both in the ritual and in the households of the church. They rejected the Hebrew Scriptures, but rated highly the study of the New Testament, and especially honored those who would multiply and expound its record. The ancient authorities on the Pauli- cians are Photius and Peter of Sicily, ambassa- dor to Armenia of the emperor Basil (868). PUUMS. I. Pontius Mesopins Anidus, Saint, bishop of Nola in Campania, born in Bordeaux about 353, died June 22, 431. He was de- scended from an ancient senatorial family, and his father was praetorian prefect of Gaul. He studied eloquence and law in Kome, and prac- tised with success at the Roman bar. In 378 the emperor Gratian, at the instance of Auso- nius, bestowed on him the rank of consul, in which he distinguished himself chiefly by his benevolent use of his immense wealth and that of his wife Therasia. After his acquaintance with St. Ambrose and St. Athanasius he gave up all his dignities, and withdrew with his wife to a country residence near Barcelona, where he spent his time in study, prayer, and benefi- cence. In December, 393, the death of his only son induced him, with the consent of his wife, to ask the bishop of Barcelona to admit him to the priesthood ; and Therasia having soon afterward become a nun, Paulinus was ordained and went to Italy. Kepelled by Pope Siricius, Paulinus went to Nola in Campania, where in 409 he was forced to become bish- op. In 410 he was taken prisoner and carried away by the Goths, but they soon restored him. Pope Gregory the Great relates that Paulinus sold himself to the Vandals to redeem the son of a poor widow, having previously given all he could dispose of to purchase the freedom of other captives. He labored in a garden as a slave till his master discovered his merit PAULISTS and restored him to liberty. Paulinus wrote a large number of ascetic works and hymns ; but only his "Discourse on Almsgiving," " History of the Martyrdom of St. Genesius of Aries," and hymns are extant. These were first published by Josse Badius (Paris, 1516), andRosweyde (Antwerp, 1622, with Sacchini's " Life of St. Paulinus "). The best edition is that of Muratori (Verona, 1736). The feast of the saint is celebrated on June 22. II. Saint, bishop of Treves in 349, the first confessor who suffered and died in the West during the Arian persecution in defence of the divinity of Christ. In 353 he was among the few who resisted the bribes and threats of the emperor Constantius at the council of Aries. He was deposed by the emperor, and banished to Phrygia, where he died in 359. His feast is celebrated on Aug. 31. III. Saint, first archbishop of York, died Oct. 10, 644. He was sent to England in 601 by Pope Gregory the Great, ordained bishop of the Northumbrians in 625, and appointed archbishop of York in 627. He baptized King Edwin April 12 of the same year. In 633 he retired to Kent, and became bishop of Roch- ester in the autumn of that year. His life is included in Newman's " Lives of the English Saints." IV. Saint, a patriarch of Aquileia, born near Friuli about 730, died probably Jan. 28, 804. He was distinguished as a teacher of the humanities when Charlemagne wrote him a complimentary letter in 776, and be- stowed on him a domain in Lombardy. That monarch also caused him to be elected patri- arch of Aquileia. With Alcuin he was intrust- ed with the examination of the writings of the heresiarchs Felix of Urgel and Elipandus of Toledo. Paulinus also preached with great success among the heathens of Carinthia and Styria. His works were published by Madrisio (1 vol. fol., Venice, 1737 ; 2d ed., 1782). His feast is celebrated on Jan. 28. PAULISTS, a society of missionary priests of the Roman Catholic church, founded in New York in 1858 by Isaac Thomas Hecker. Fa- ther Hecker and his first associates belonged to the order of Redemptorists, and were labor- ing in the home mission in New York, when they conceived the design of forming them- selves into a new society composed chiefly of men whose native tongue was the English, and whose intimate acquaintance with American institutions and customs would enable them to labor more efficiently. Their purpose was ap- proved by Archbishop Hughes, after the pope had granted their release from their religious vows in the Redemptorist order, and issued in their favor the letter of commendation which is preliminary to canonical approbation. They formed themselves into a society organized on the same principle as the Oratorians and Sul- picians, a strict union of the houses and mem- bers under one superior general, held together by a voluntary agreement, with rules and laws enacted by the whole body in general chap- ter. This society is called " The Congregation